SESMARIAS E APOSSAMENTO DE TERRAS NO BRASIL COLÔNIA

This article analyses the evolution of Portuguese colonial land legislation. The crown offered large grants of land called sesmarias to encourage brazilian settlement. During de colonial period, the sesmaria was the only legal method of gaining land ownership andTitle. Small farmers took unclaimed land for their use by squatting, a custom known as posse. Sesmarias are an example of transplanting institutions. The origins of sesmarias date back to 1375. Nearby independence the practice of awarding land by sesmarias ended but no other legal method of getting land was enacted.

Sesmarias e Apossamento de Terras no Brasil Colônia

This article analyses the evolution of Portuguese colonial land legislation. The crown offered large grants of land called sesmarias to encourage Brazilian settlement. During de colonial period, the sesmaria was the main legal method of gaining land ownership and title. Small farmers took unclaimed land for their use by squatting, a custom known as posse. Sesmarias are an example of transplanting institutions. The origins of sesmarias date back to 1375. Nearby independence the practice of awarding land by sesmarias ended but no other legal method of getting land was enacted.Brasil Colônia, Terras, Legislação Sesmarial, Posses

Is sleep related to cancer in murine models of obstructive sleep disorder?

Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, BR-04024002 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Relationship between emergency presentation, systemic inflammatory response, and cancer-specific survival in patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for colon cancer

Background Emergency presentation is recognized to be associated with poorer cancer-specific survival following curative resection for colorectal cancer. The present study examined the hypothesis that an enhanced systemic inflammatory response, prior to surgery, might explain the impact of emergency presentation on survival. Methods In all, 188 patients undergoing potentially curative resection for colorectal cancer were studied. Of these, 55 (29%) presented as emergencies. The systemic inflammatory response was assessed using the Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), which is the combination of an elevated C-reactive protein (>10 mg/L) and hypoalbuminemia (<35 g/L). Results In the emergency group, tumor stage was greater (P < 0.01), more patients received adjuvant therapy (P < 0.01) more patients had an elevated mGPS (P < 0.01), and more patients died of their disease (P < 0.05). The minimum follow-up was 12 months; the median follow-up of the survivors was 48 months. Emergency presentation was associated with poorer 3-year cancer-specific survival in those patients aged 65 to 74 years (P < 0.01), in both males and females (P < 0.05), in the deprived (P < 0.01), in patients with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage II disease (P < 0.01), in those who received no adjuvant therapy (P < 0.01), and in the mGPS 0 and 1 groups (P < 0.05) groups. On multivariate survival analysis of patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for TNM stage II colon cancer, emergency presentation (P < 0.05) and mGPS (P < 0.05) were independently associated with cancer-specific survival. Conclusions These results suggest that emergency presentation and the presence of systemic inflammatory response prior to surgery are linked and account for poorer cancer-specific survival in patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for colon cancer. Both emergency presentation and an elevated mGPS should be taken into account when assessing the likely outcome of these patients

The emergence of persistent organic pollutants in the environment: the occurrence and treatment of perfluorinated compounds

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are two perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) used to produce everyday goods, including clothing, carpets, textiles, upholstery, paper, packaging and cleaning products. PFOS and PFOA belong to the class ofchemical contaminants known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They are particularly difficult to deal with once released into the environment because they do not break down easily, they can travel long distances in the air or water supply and they can accumulate in human and animal tissue. Scientists have linked these chemicals, which can be toxic for both humans and wildlife, with serious environmental and health risks. Researchers have reported PFC contamination in river, tap and bottled water in Japan, the US, Europe and in developing countries such as Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam. Conventional treatment technologies do not remove PFCs effectively from our water supplies, compounding the problem. Some advanced methods have been found to be effective in treating PFOS and PFOA in the water environment. However, these technologies have yet to be applied on a large scale due to regulative and economical constraints on their development

Sleep quality as a confounding factor of maternal weight and preschool wheezing

Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psychobiol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Preoperative systemic inflammation predicts postoperative infectious complications in patients undergoing curative resection for colorectal cancer

The presence of systemic inflammation before surgery, as evidenced by the glasgow prognostic score (mGPS), predicts poor long-term survival in colorectal cancer. The aim was to examine the relationship between the preoperative mGPS and the development of postoperative complications in patients undergoing potentially curative resection for colorectal cancer. Patients (n=455) who underwent potentially curative resections between 2003 and 2007 were assessed consecutively, and details were recorded in a database. The majority of patients presented for elective surgery (85%) were over the age of 65 years (70%), were male (58%), were deprived (53%), and had TNM stage I/II disease (61%), had preoperative haemoglobin (56%), white cell count (87%) and mGPS 0 (58%) in the normal range. After surgery, 86 (19%) patients developed a postoperative complication; 70 (81%) of which were infectious complications. On multivariate analysis, peritoneal soiling (P<0.01), elevated preoperative white cell count (P<0.05) and mGPS (P<0.01) were independently associated with increased risk of developing a postoperative infection. In elective patients, only the mGPS (OR=1.75, 95% CI=1.17-2.63, P=0.007) was significantly associated with increased risk of developing a postoperative infection. Preoperative elevated mGPS predicts increased postoperative infectious complications in patients undergoing potentially curative resection for colorectal cancer

Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the antiapoptotic protein myeloid cell leukaemia-1 (Mcl-1)

Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) control many cellular processes in cancer and tumour growth. Of significant interest is the role PPIs play in regulating apoptosis. The overexpression of the antiapoptosis regulating Bcl-2 family of proteins is commonly observed in several cancers, leading to resistance towards both radiation and chemotherapies. From this family, myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) has proven the most difficult to target, and one of the leading causes of treatment resistance. Exploiting the selective PPI between the apoptosis-regulating protein Noxa and Mcl-1, utilising a fluorescence polarization assay, we have identified four small molecules with the ability to modulate Mcl-1. The identified compounds were computationally modelled and docked against the Mcl-1 binding interface to obtain structural information about their binding sites allowing for future analogue design. When examined for their activity towards pancreatic cell lines that overexpress Mcl-1 (MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3), the identified compounds demonstrated growth inhibition, suggesting effective Mcl-1 modulation

Combined therapeutic benefit of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, MitoQ10, and angiotensin receptor blocker, losartan, on cardiovascular function

<b>Objective:</b><p></p> Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in the development of cardiovascular disease highlighting the need for novel targeted therapies. This study assessed the potential therapeutic benefit of combining the mitochondria-specific antioxidant, MitoQ<sub>10</sub>, with the low-dose angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), losartan, on attenuation of hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. In parallel, we investigated the impact of MitoQ<sub>10</sub> on cardiac hypertrophy in a neonatal cardiomyocyte cell line.<p></p> <b>Methods and results:</b><p></p> Eight-week-old male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSPs, <i>n</i> = 8–11) were treated with low-dose losartan (2.5 mg/kg per day); MitoQ<sub>10</sub> (500 μmol/l); a combination of MitoQ<sub>10</sub> and losartan (M + L); or vehicle for 8 weeks. Systolic pressure and pulse pressure were significantly lower in M + L rats (167.1 ± 2.9 mmHg; 50.2 ± 2.05 mmHg) than in untreated SHRSP (206.6 ± 9 mmHg, P < 0.001; 63.7 ± 2.7 mmHg, P = 0.001) and demonstrated greater improvement than MitoQ10 or low-dose losartan alone, as measured by radiotelemetry. Left ventricular mass index was significantly reduced from 22.8 ± 0.74 to 20.1 ± 0.61 mg/mm in the combination group (P < 0.05). Picrosirius red staining showed significantly reduced cardiac fibrosis in M + L rats (0.82 ± 0.22 A.U.) compared with control (5.94 ± 1.35 A.U., P < 0.01). In H9c2 neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, MitoQ<sub>10</sub> significantly inhibited angiotensin II mediated hypertrophy in a dose-dependent manner (500 nmol/l MitoQ<sub>10</sub> 153.7 ± 3.1 microns vs. angiotensin II 200.1 ± 3.6 microns, P <0.001).<p></p> <b>Conclusion:</b><p></p> Combining MitoQ<sub>10</sub> and low-dose losartan provides additive therapeutic benefit, significantly attenuating development of hypertension and reducing left ventricular hypertrophy. In addition, MitoQ<sub>10</sub> mediates a direct antihypertrophic effect on rat cardiomyocytes <i>in vitro</i>. MitoQ<sub>10</sub> has potential as a novel therapeutic intervention in conjunction with current antihypertensive drugs.<p></p&gt