The Right to a fair trial in sports arbitration

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Laws Degree, Strathmore University Law SchoolThe research centers on the alternate dispute resolution method of sports arbitration and specifically, the right to a fair trial within this dispensation. Being as the topic a right to a fair trial is a broad one, emphasis shall be placed on two elements, that of the right to be presumed innocent before being found guilty and the right to access to justice. The main method of research used was that of looking into various forms of literature, statute, reports and various cases that touch on the subject. The major findings from the research showed that, in respect to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), they have measures in place that safeguard an athlete's right to a fair trial, however when it comes to doping allegations, stricter measures are put into place to curb the crime which has led to speculation as to whether the process of adjudicating doping offences respects one's right to be presumed innocent before being proved guilty. As regards access to justice, CAS has its main institute based in Lausanne, Switzerland, but they also have various offices spread out across the globe. The only issue that arises is that one is bound to pay a registration fee when •filing a case with CAS which amounts to over 100,000 Ksh. And whether this fee could be waived

Evidence Based Programming in Improved Quality of Education to Children in the Developing World: A Review of Selected Documentation in Africa.

This paper sought to explore the institutional commitment to the welfare of children to access quality education as a basic right and hence let the sector work in the best interest of the child. Its scope covered the linkages between quality education as an inalienable right to the child, increased enrolment, life transformation, sustainable development and the role of monitoring and evaluation in the promotion of evidence-based management of the sector. This paper therefore delved into the prevalent practices in sub-Saharan Africa with the intent to bring to the fore the extent to which evidence-based planning might have been used to influence practice in delivering education as an indispensable nurturing service to the child. It is a desk review paper spanning the predominant practices reflecting on cases drawn from a number of selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It is noted that every civilization tends to be in a perpetual quest for its preservation through inherent procreative endeavour and hence in zest embrace deliberate nurturing systems, structures and processes for its posterity and legacy. One of the pivotal pillars in propelling a people into their appropriate, enviable socio-economic growth and development in pursuit of their preferred civilization is formal education to its budding population, the children. Persons who acquire ample art and science of learning availed through formal education also broaden their prospects for better living. Nevertheless, the pursuit of knowledge, skill and capacity enhancement in a large proportion of the less developed nations of the sub-Saharan Africa is obscure, rudimental and inaccessible to the majority of children in both the urban and rural poor. Similarly, the quality of education is too basic to make a difference in the lives of the millions of the affected children. Equally perturbing is the absence of evidence-based education sector management where results from monitoring and evaluation exercise does not seem to inform policy and practice. Such gaps may often push the stakeholders into a state of disillusionment and apathy which denies the child quality education, which is a right for all children.Daystar University (School of Human & Social Sciences) and African Institute of Children Studie

KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOR OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS STUDYING HIGHER EDUCATION IN TURKEY TOWARDS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST COVID-19

The study aim was to investigate implementation of personal protective measures among international students during COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 758 students from 95 countries were observed between October 2020 and March 2021. Their frequency of implementing the personal protective measures and their reported cases of ILIs were examined. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the occurrence of symptoms of ILIs among students who adhered and those who did not adhere to the measures. A multivariate Cox proportional regression was performed to investigate the relationships between frequency of implementing the personal protective measures and reported cases of ILIs. A total of 139 (18.3%) students reported symptoms of ILIs. Study findings showed that students who frequently wore facemasks were 33.6% less likely to show symptoms of ILIs adjusting for all the other personal protective measures (HR=0.664, 95%CI=0.494-0.893, p=0.006). Students who frequently disinfected their hands were 17.1 % less likely to report symptoms of ILIs (HR=0.821, 95%CI=0.793- 0.915, p=0.029). Furthermore, students who exercised social distancing measures were 23.5% less likely to report symptoms of ILIs adjusting for the other measures (HR= 0.765, 95%CI=0.610 - 0.960, p=0.020). Students whose personal protective measures were below the median were found to experience 2 times more cases of ILIs than students who scored above the median (HR=2.16, 95%CI=1.53-3.05, P<0.001). Study findings indicate the need to train students how to protect themselves from common airborne infections. The study also provides information about the effectiveness of personal protective measures in preventing acute respiratory infections among international students.Bu çalışma koronavirüs salgını sırasında uluslararası öğrencilerin kişisel koruyucu önlemler uygulanmalarını amaçlanmıştır. Ekim 2020 ile Mart 2021 tarihleri arasında 95 ülkeden gelen 758 uluslararası öğrenci izlenmiştir. Kişisel koruyucu önlemleri uygulama sıklıkları ve bildirilen GBH vakaları incelenmiştir. Kaplan-Meier analizi, kişisel koruyucu önlemlere uyan ve uymayan öğrenciler arasında GBH semptomlarının oluşumunu karşılaştırmak için kullanılmıştır. Çok değişkenli Cox regresyon anlalizi, kişisel koruyucu önlemleri uygulama sıklığı ve bildirilen GBH vakaları arasındaki ilişkileri incelemek için kullanılmıştır. Toplam 139 (% 18, 3) öğrenci grip benzeri hastalık belirtileri bildirmiştir. Sık sık maske kullanan öğrencilerin GBH belirtilerini gösterme olasılıklarının % 33,6 daha az olduğu görülmüştür (Hazard Oranı = 0,664, % 95 CI = 0,494-0,893, p = 0,006). Ellerini sık sık dezenfekte eden öğrencilerin GBH belirtilerini göstereme olasılıkları % 17,1 daha düşük olmuştur (Hazard Oranı = 0,821, % 95 CI = 0,793-0,915, p = 0,029). Dahası, sosyal mesafe uygulayan öğrencilerin GBH belirtilerini gösterme olasılıkları % 23,5 daha düşüktü (Hazard Oranı = 0,765, % 95 CI = 0,610 - 0,960, p = 0,020). Kişisel koruyucu önlemleri medyanın altında olan öğrencilerin, medyanın üstünde puan alan öğrencilere göre 2 kat daha fazla GBH gösterdikleri görülmüştür (Hazard Oranı = 2,16, % 95 CI = 1,53-3,05). Çalışma bulguları, öğrencileri yaygın havayolu enfeksiyonlardan nasıl koruyacaklarını eğitim programlarının başlatılması ihtiyacını göstermektedir. Çalışma ayrıca, uluslararası öğrenciler arasında akut solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarını önlemede kişisel koruyucu önlemlerin etkinliği hakkında bilgi sağlamaktadır

Prevalence of Pornography Addiction among Adolescents in Selected Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya

Journal ArticlePornography addiction may predispose adolescents to negative behavioral and emotional patterns and consequently affecting their psychosocial well-being. There is need to determine whether adolescents watching pornography are merely satisfying some curiosity or struggling with a compulsion. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of pornography addiction among the students in selected secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. Classical Conditioning and Social Learning theories were considered in explaining the subject of pornography addiction. The study employed a quantitative research approach that was conducted among students in two selected secondary schools in Nairobi County. The sample size comprised 666 students who were purposively selected from the two schools. Data collection was done using a questionnaire and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21. The study found that a significant number of students are addicted to pornography. The prevalence is attributed to internet accessibility and affordability of pornographic materials. Based on the results, the study recommends the development of a curriculum that addresses age appropriate sexuality lessons at all levels. Furthermore, parents, educators and other stakeholders of interest should be equipped with knowledge to foster healthy development of adolescents sexuality while minimizing the risks related to pornography addiction.Daystar Universit

Factors Associated with Pornographic Materials Use among Students in Selected Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya

Journal ArticlePornography addiction is a behavioral challenge that may expose adolescents to psycho-social problems in their developmental stage. The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with pornography addiction among the students in selected secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. This study considered Classical Conditioning and Social Learning theories in explaining the pornography addiction among adolescents. A quantitative research approach was employed in this study in the selected secondary schools in Nairobi County. The sample size comprised 666 students who were purposively sampled from the two schools. Data collection was done using a questionnaire and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The study findings indicated that a significant number of students were engaged in pornography. Factors attributed to pornographic material use include; time spent watching online content, availability of pornographic materials and accessibility to internet enabled devices. Majority of the respondents indicated mentorship and counseling as the most helpful ways to help in overcoming addiction problems instead of punishment. Based on the findings from this study, it is important that parents and guardians of adolescents to monitor online activities that are being done by their children. Additionally, it is important that parents and teachers to familiarize themselves with current trends on adolescent sexuality for purposes of proper mentorship and parentingDaystar Universit

Practice of COVID-19 preventive measures and risk of acute respiratory infections: a longitudinal study in students from 95 countries

Objectives: We aimed to investigate whether the implementation of personal protective measures against COVID-19 reduced the transmission of influenza-like illnesses