Cereals and their economic value

Citation: O'Daniel, Mary Lorena. Cereals and their economic value. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1904.Morse Department of Special CollectionsIntroduction: Of all the plants now so universally diffused over the surface of the globe the grasses are of the first importance to man. From them he derives all.the essentials of life. The cereals embracing a portion only of the family of grasses are to man in his civilized condition more important than the other classes of grasses. They contain the elements to form bone, muscle and fat

The Functional Anatomy and Innervation of the Platysma is Segmental:Implications for Lower Lip Dysfunction, Recurrent Platysmal Bands, and Surgical Rejuvenation

BACKGROUND: Despite the central role of the platysma in face and neck rejuvenation, much confusion exists regarding its surgical anatomy.OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to clarify the regional anatomy of the platysma and its innervation pattern and to explain clinical phenomena, such as the origin of platysmal bands and their recurrence, and the etiology of lower lip dysfunction after neck lift procedures.METHODS: Fifty-five cadaver heads were studied (16 embalmed, 39 fresh, mean age 75 years). Following preliminary dissections and macro-sectioning, a series of standardized layered dissections were performed, complemented by histology and sheet plastination.RESULTS: In addition to its origin and insertion, the platysma is attached to the skin and deep fascia across its entire superficial and deep surfaces. This composite system explains the age-related formation of static platysmal bands, recurrent platysma bands after complete platysma transection, and recurrent anterior neck laxity after no-release lifting. The facial part of the platysma is primarily innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, while the submandibular platysma is innervated by the "first" cervical branches which terminate at the mandibular origin of the depressor labii inferioris. This pattern has implications for post-operative dysfunction of the lower lip, including pseudo-paralysis, and potential targeted surgical denervation.CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study, using layered dissections, large histology, and sheet-plastination, fully describes the anatomy of the platysma including its bony, fascial, and dermal attachments, as well as its segmental innervation including its nerve danger zones. It provides a sound anatomical basis for the further development of surgical techniques to rejuvenate the neck with prevention of recurrent platysmal banding.</p

The Functional Anatomy and Innervation of the Platysma is Segmental:Implications for Lower Lip Dysfunction, Recurrent Platysmal Bands, and Surgical Rejuvenation

BACKGROUND: Despite the central role of the platysma in face and neck rejuvenation, much confusion exists regarding its surgical anatomy.OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to clarify the regional anatomy of the platysma and its innervation pattern and to explain clinical phenomena, such as the origin of platysmal bands and their recurrence, and the etiology of lower lip dysfunction after neck lift procedures.METHODS: Fifty-five cadaver heads were studied (16 embalmed, 39 fresh, mean age 75 years). Following preliminary dissections and macro-sectioning, a series of standardized layered dissections were performed, complemented by histology and sheet plastination.RESULTS: In addition to its origin and insertion, the platysma is attached to the skin and deep fascia across its entire superficial and deep surfaces. This composite system explains the age-related formation of static platysmal bands, recurrent platysma bands after complete platysma transection, and recurrent anterior neck laxity after no-release lifting. The facial part of the platysma is primarily innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, while the submandibular platysma is innervated by the "first" cervical branches which terminate at the mandibular origin of the depressor labii inferioris. This pattern has implications for post-operative dysfunction of the lower lip, including pseudo-paralysis, and potential targeted surgical denervation.CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study, using layered dissections, large histology, and sheet-plastination, fully describes the anatomy of the platysma including its bony, fascial, and dermal attachments, as well as its segmental innervation including its nerve danger zones. It provides a sound anatomical basis for the further development of surgical techniques to rejuvenate the neck with prevention of recurrent platysmal banding.</p

Survey of US public attitudes toward pharmacogenetic testing

To assess public attitudes and interest in pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing, we conducted a random-digit-dial telephone survey of U.S. adults, achieving a response rate of 42% (n=1139). Most respondents expressed interest in PGx testing to predict mild or serious side effects (73% ±3.29% and 85% ±2.91%, respectively), guide dosing (91%) and assist with drug selection (92%). Younger individuals (ages 18–34) were more likely to be interested in PGx testing to predict serious side effects (vs. ages 55+), as well as Whites, those with a college degree, and who had experienced side effects from medications. However, most respondents (78% ±3.14%) were not likely to have a PGx test if there was a risk that their DNA sample or test result could be shared without their permission. Given differences in interest among some groups, providers should clearly discuss the purpose of testing, alternative testing options (if available), and policies to protect patient privacy and confidentiality

Survey of genetic counselors and clinical geneticists' use and attitudes toward pharmacogenetic testing

Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing aims to improve therapeutic outcomes through tailoring treatment based on a patient’s genetic risk for non-response and/or an adverse event. Given their expertise, geneticists could facilitate the use of PGx testing; however, , the preparedness and perceived role of the clinical genetics community is unclear. To assess the attitudes, preparedness, and perceived roles of geneticists in the delivery of PGx testing, we conducted a survey of 1500 randomly selected board-certified genetic counselors and clinical geneticists in the U.S (response rate: 37.8% (n=516)). Twelve percent of genetic counselors and 41% of clinical geneticists indicated that they had ordered or coordinated patient care for PGx testing, a seemingly high proportion at this early stage of adoption. Almost all respondents had some education on pharmacogenetics, though only 28% of counselors and 58% of clinical geneticists indicated they felt well-informed about PGx testing. About half of counselors (52%) and clinical geneticists (46%) felt they would play ‘some’ role in the delivery of PGx testing; 17% and 19%, respectively, felt that they would play ‘no’ or ‘a little’ role. At this early stage of PGx testing, the role of geneticists and genetic counselors is unclear. However, their experience may aid in readying PGx testing and informing delivery strategies into clinical practice

Is “incidental finding” the best term?: a study of patients’ preferences

There is debate within the genetics community about the optimal term to describe genetic variants unrelated to the test indication, but potentially important for health. Given the lack of consensus and the importance of adopting terminology that promotes effective clinical communication, we sought the opinion of clinical genetics patients