Relationship between spatial proximity and travel-to-work distance : the effect of the compact city

In this paper, an assessment is made of the relationship between selected aspects of spatial proximity (density, diversity, minimum commuting distance, jobs-housing balance and job accessibility) and reported commuting distances in Flanders (Belgium). Results show that correlations may depend on the considered trip end. For example, a high residential density, a high degree of spatial diversity and a high level of job accessibility are all associated with a short commute by residents, while a high job density is associated with a long commute by employees. A jobs-housing balance close to one is associated with a short commute, both by residents and by employees. In general, it appears that the alleged sustainability benefits of the compact city model are still valid in a context of continuously expanding commuting trip lengths

URBAN DENSITY AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION: A NEW LOOK AT OLD STATISTICS

This study uses an innovative multivariate statistical technique called Co-Plot to crystallize some of the relationships between urban density and energy consumption in western cities. The method is applied on Newman and Kenworthy\u27s (1989) data, leading to the conclusion that there is no direct impact of total urban density. However, there are correlations between energy consumption and several aspects of density. For example, inner area and central business district levels of employment density appear to have the potential to reduce energy consumption. This relationship, as well as the strong negative correlation between energy consumption and the level of use of public transportation, emphasizes the relative advantages of radial transit trips mainly for work purposes

Neo-planning: Location-based social media to engage Australia's new digital locals

Community engagement with time poor and seemingly apathetic citizens continues to challenge local governments. Capturing the attention of a digitally literate community who are technology and socially savvy adds a new quality to this challenge. Community engagement is resource and time intensive, yet local governments have to manage on continually tightened budgets. The benefits of assisting citizens in taking ownership in making their community and city a better place to live in collaboration with planners and local governments are well established. This study investigates a new collaborative form of civic participation and engagement for urban planning that employs in-place digital augmentation. It enhances people’s experience of physical spaces with digital technologies that are directly accessible within that space, in particular through interaction with mobile phones and public displays. The study developed and deployed a system called Discussions in Space (DIS) in conjunction with a major urban planning project in Brisbane. Planners used the system to ask local residents planning-related questions via a public screen, and passers-by sent responses via SMS or Twitter onto the screen for others to read and reflect, hence encouraging in-situ, real-time, civic discourse. The low barrier of entry proved to be successful in engaging a wide range of residents who are generally not heard due to their lack of time or interest. The system also reflected positively on the local government for reaching out in this way. Challenges and implications of the short-texted and ephemeral nature of this medium were evaluated in two focus groups with urban planners. The paper concludes with an analysis of the planners’ feedback evaluating the merits of the data generated by the system to better engage with Australia’s new digital locals

An evaluation of the limitations of, and alternatives to, the Co-Plot methodology

The Co-Plot technique has become stereotyped in the form of a series of steps that are automatically followed with little regard for the characteristics of the data and the type of analysis it supports. While there are obvious extensions to this type of analysis, the methodology has remained unchanged over many years. Here we argue that the application of the Co-Plot to binary, nominal data, as is done in published papers, is inappropriate. We frame the Co-Plot in the general literature of multivariate analysis in order to show that it is a simplification of standard multivariate methods. We use a recently published example on mapping MBA programmes to show how a similar, although more statistically appropriate, analysis based on multidimensional scaling methods produces very different results