Higher education reform and the landscape diversity of higher education institutions in the Kyrgyz Republic, 1991–2015

Following its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Kyrgyzstan experienced processes of change across all areas of social, political and economic life. Higher education reform has been central to this agenda, and between 1991 and today the Soviet-era system of state-funded and Communist Party controlled higher education institutions (HEIs) in Kyrgyzstan has been transformed into an expansive, diverse, unequal, semi-privatized and marketized higher education (HE) landscape. Mindful of arguments that the marketization of higher education does not necessarily generate institutional diversification, that government regulation does not necessarily lead to homogenization among institutions, and that universities’ own institutional strategies and responses to environmental changes shape processes of structural reform in complex ways, this paper assesses the specific character of these changes to the higher education landscape in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan. After briefly describing the structure and financing of higher education in the Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic from 1917–1991, we consider some key factors which have shaped patterns of the differentiation and diversification of HE in the post-Soviet period. These include the historical legacies of Soviet HE infrastructures, new legal and political frameworks for HE governance and finance, changes to regulations for the licensing of institutions and academic credentials, the introduction of new multinational policy agendas for higher education in the Central Asian region, changes in the relationship between higher education and labor, the introduction of a national university admissions examination, and the adoption of certain principles of the European Bologna Process. The picture of HE reform that emerges from this analysis is one in which concurrent processes of diversification and homogenization are not driven wholly by either state regulation or forces of market competition, but mediated by universities’ strategic negotiations of these forces in the context of historical institutional formations in Kyrgyzstan

Neoliberal Postmodernity and Hyperimperialism

The article describes transformation of the ideology of liberalism and the associated practices of economic domination at the transition stage from the socio-philosophical Modern paradigm to Postmodern paradigm.Aim. Identify the link between the rhetoric of modern liberalism, Postmodern paradigms and trends in the evolution of the world economic system.Tasks. Consider the historical conditions for the formation of liberal and neo liberal ideology; determine the place of neoliberal discourse in the ideological landscape of our time; correlate it with other relevant discourses that claim to explain economic, social and cultural processes; to analyze the features of modern practices of developed countries economic domination in relations with the others world countries.Methods. The article, using logical analysis, establishes the main features of modern liberal ideology, allowing us to talk about a new stage in the history of the liberalism development. Comparative analysis allows us to find out the points of liberalism convergence at this stage with other ideological directions in present time. However, statistical analysis reveals important economic factors impeding the reduction of the distance between developed and developing countries.Results. The study showed that to date, the liberal discourse has undergone significant changes, which allows us to talk about a completely new stage in the development of liberal ideology. On the one hand, it was significantly influenced by a general paradigm shift that affected the entire spectrum of socio-economic thought in the 20th century, which we define as an intensifying transition from the Modern paradigm to the Postmodern paradigm. On the other hand, the analysis of the historical path of imperialism and its inherent practices of domination also allows us to talk about its sig nificant transformation in the conditions of the post-industrial economy and the information society. Parallel consideration of these aspects (ideological and practical), the continuous correlation of theory with economic realities allows the authors to define such a complex concept as hyper imperialism. This term is proposed to be used to refer to a specific form of imperialism in a post-industrial manner. At the same time, the intrinsic inseparability of various types of expansion — economic, ideological and, more broadly, civilizational — is taken as its key feature.Conclusion. In the context of a large-scale socio-economic and ideological transformation of a global nature, the need for new forms and means of confronting economic hegemony and finding a path to independent economic and social development is increasing

PECULIARITIES OF INITIAL STAGES OF GROWTH OF HETEROEPITAXIAL FILMS GaP/SiAT PULSE LASER DEPOSITION

Heteroepitaxial thin GaP/Si films were obtained by pulsed laser sputtering, using the stage of the Osvoldovsky ripening of embryos at the initial stages of film growth. It was found that single-crystal GaP films were obtained during the passage of the stage of the Osvoldovsky maturation of nucleation

PULSED LASER DEPOSITION OF GAPN THIN FILMS ON SI

Thin film GaP1-xNx were obtained by pulsed laser deposition It was found that a small mixing (1-2 cm-1) in the frequency positions LO phonon modes for films GaP1-xNx and a single-crystal GaP target was observed in the spectra obtained. The results obtained can be explained by a decrease in the crystal lattice parameter in the epitaxial layer GaP1-xNx

68Ga-ФАПИ-04: первый опыт клинического применения в России

INTRODUCTION: According to the literature, 68Ga-FAPI-04 has receptor specificity for malignant neoplasms with overexpression of the fibroblast activation protein and is used to visualize various types of neoplasms, in particular head and neck cancer, gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast cancer with a high contrast ratio of the tumor to the background, and may possibly become an alternative to 18F-FDG.OBJECTIVE: The results of the first experience of using PET/CT with 68Ga-FAPI-04 in Russia.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comparative analysis of the results of 68Ga-FAPI-04 and 18F-FDG PET/CTs with an interval of 1–3 days was carried out in 13 patients (four women and nine men) with various oncological diseases, examined from February to December 2021 in Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies.RESULTS: In all 13 patients, it was possible to identify both primary tumors and their metastases with different tracer uptake. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT compared with 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed more metastatic foci (135 vs 127) predominantly in the liver, peritoneum, mesentery, omentum, and brain due to low background uptake in these organs. In our observation, foci of increased 68Ga-FAPI-04 uptake localized in non-enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes in two patients. Also, in two patients with bone metastases from bladder cancer and stomach cancer, one false positive and one false negative result was obtained with 68Ga-FAPI-04.DISCUSSION: The high uptake of 68Ga-FAPI-04 in the tumor makes it a promising tracer for many types of cancer, especially in cases, where conventional 18F-FDG PET/CT faces limitations due to its pharmacokinetics. At the same time, PET/CT with 68Ga-FAPI-04, aimed at visualizing the tumor microenvironment, may have a higher sensitivity in detecting small lesions due to the predominance of stroma in them. 68Ga-FAPI showed better results in detecting both lytic and osteoblastic bone metastases compared to 18F-FDG.CONCLUSION: 68Ga-FAPI is a promising tracer for molecular imaging of most malignant neoplasms and requires further study. 68Ga-FAPI-04 can become an addition or a full-fledged solution when other tracers have limitations.ВВЕДЕНИЕ: По данным литературы 68Gа-ФАПИ-04 обладает рецепторной специфичностью к злокачественным новообразованиям с гиперэкспрессией белка активации фибробластов и используется для визуализации различных видов новообразований, в частности рака головы и шеи, желудочно-кишечного тракта, легкого, молочной железы с высоким контрастным отношением опухоли к фону и, возможно, может стать альтернативой 18F-ФДГ.ЦЕЛЬ: Описать результаты первого в России опыта применения ПЭТ/КТ с 68Ga-ФАПИ-04.МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ: Проведен сравнительный анализ результатов ПЭТ/КТ с 68Ga-ФАПИ-04 и 18F-ФДГ с интервалом в 1–3 дня, выполненных у 13 пациентов (четырех женщин и девяти мужчин) с различными онкологическими заболеваниями с февраля по декабрь 2021 г. на базе ФГБУ «Российский научный центр радиологии и хирургических технологий им. акад. А.М.Гранова» Минздрава России.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: У всех 13 пациентов удалось четко визуализировать как первичные опухоли, так и их метастазы с различными уровнями накопления РФЛП. При ПЭТ/КТ с 68Ga-ФАПИ-04 по сравнению с 18F-ФДГ, было выявлено больше метастатических очагов (135 против 127), преимущественно в печени, брюшине, брыжейке, сальнике, головном мозге из-за низкого фонового накопления в этих органах. В нашем наблюдении были выявлены очаги повышенного накопления 68Ga-ФАПИ-04 в неувеличенных забрюшинных лимфоузлах у двух пациентов. Также у двух больных раком мочевого пузыря и раком желудка с метастатическим поражением костей были получены с 68Ga-ФАПИ-04 один ложноположительный и один ложноотрицательный результат.ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ: Высокое поглощение 68Ga-ФАПИ-04 в опухоли делает его перспективным РФЛП для многих типов рака, особенно в тех случаях, когда традиционная ПЭТ/КТ 18F-ФДГ сталкивается с ограничениями, обусловленными ее фармакокинетикой. В то же время ПЭТ/КТ с 68Ga-ФАПИ-04, нацеленная на визуализацию микроокружения опухоли, может иметь более высокую чувствительность в выявлении образований, имеющих малые размеры, в связи с преобладанием в них стромы. 68Ga-ФАПИ-04 показал лучше результаты в выявлении костных метастазов как литического, так и остеобластического характера по сравнению с 18F-ФДГ.ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: 68Ga-ФАПИ-04 является перспективным РФЛП для молекулярной визуализации большинства злокачественных новообразований и требует дальнейшего изучения. 68Ga-ФАПИ-04 может стать дополнением или полноценным решением, когда другие РФЛП имеют ограничения