Effects of Spacing, Cutting Height and Cutting Interval on Fodder Yield and Nutritional Value of Cajanus Cajan

Forage production is one of the ways of sustaining ruminant animal production in Nigeria as these animals depend largely on plant-based feed. Hence, Cajanus cajan pasture was established to evaluate the effects of planting space, cutting height and interval at harvest on fodder yield and nutritional value of C. cajan. Pre-planting operations (bush clearing, ploughing, harrowing and ridging) were carried out on a hectare of land, sectionalized into fifteen equal portions. 2 - 3 seeds of C. cajan were planted using five different planting spaces (40x60 cm, 60x60 cm, 80x30 cm, 100x30 cm and 120x30 cm) of three replicates per treatment. Post-planting operations (thinning, supplying and weeding) were done to ensure uniform plant stands, nursed to maturity and harvested at different cutting heights (50, 100 and 150 cm) with cutting intervals from 2, 3 and 4 weeks respectively for five consecutive times to calculate the initial, total and average yield per plot. Air-dried samples of harvested forages were analysed for proximate composition; and data generated were subjected to statistical analysis. Results showed that; C. cajan sown using 40x60 cm planting space, cutting height of 50 cm and cutting interval of 4 weeks had the best fodder yield both at the initial (8.95 kg) and cumulative (3.60 kg) compared to other treatments. Crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract contents were significantly (p>0.05) influenced; and could adequately support the growth of ruminant animals. Thus, it can be concluded that C. cajan could be established using 40x60 cm planting space, harvested at 4 weeks interval and cutting at 50 cm height for maximum fodder yield with the aim of feeding ruminant animals

The Mass Power Spectrum in Quintessence Cosmological Models

We present simple analytic approximations for the linear and fully evolved nonlinear mass power spectrum for spatially flat cold dark matter (CDM) cosmological models with quintessence (Q). Quintessence is a time evolving, spatially inhomogeneous energy component with negative pressure and an equation of state w_Q < 0. It clusters gravitationally on large length scales but remains smooth like the cosmological constant on small length scales. We show that the clustering scale is determined by the Compton wavelength of the Q-field and derive a shape parameter, \Gamma_Q, to characterize the linear mass power spectrum. The growth of linear perturbations as functions of redshift, w_Q, and matter density \Omega_m is also quantified. Calibrating to N-body simulations, we construct a simple extension of the formula by Ma (1998) that closely approximates the nonlinear power spectrum for a range of plausible QCDM models.Comment: 5 pages with 3 inserted postscript figures, AAS LaTeX v4.0 emulateapj.sty. Astrophysical Journal Letters, in pres

Ekuitas Merek dan Kualitas Pelayanan Pengaruhnya terhadap Keputusan Pembelian pada Kentucky Fried Chicken Mtc Manado

Keputusan konsumen mencerminkan penilaian seseorang tentang kinerja produk dalam kaitannya dengan ekspektasi. Kebutuhan dan keinginan yang terpenuhi serta kualitas jasanya sangat menentukan keputusan konsumen. Jika konsumen merasa puas akan suatu produk dan pelayanan yang diberikan maka konsumen memberikan keputusan untuk membeli kembali produk itu. Jika sebaliknya, produk dan layanan itu tidak sesuai harapan, maka konsumen cenderung tidak tertarik lagi. Perusahaan berusaha untuk membangun citra dan memberikan pelayanan yang berkualitas dan memuaskan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekuitas merek dan kualitas pelayanan terhadap keputusan pembelian pada Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) MTC Manado. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode asosiatif. Populasi penelitian diambil dari rata-rata transaksi konsumen per hari yaitu 465. Sampel yang digunakan 83 responden, dengan teknik pengambilan sampel accidental sampling. Hasil analisis menunjukan ekuitas merek dan kualitas pelayanan secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian. Sedangkan secara parsial kedua variabel berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian. Pihak manajemen KFC MTC Manado perlu memfokuskan pada peningkatan tingkat pembelian dengan mengetahui keputusan pembelian konsumen serta faktor-faktor dari keputusan pembelian konsumen tersebut agar konsumen tidak berpindah pada penyedia layanan lain

Dust Formation and He II 4686 emission in the Dense Shell of the Peculiar Type Ib Supernova 2006jc

We present evidence for the formation of dust grains in an unusual Type Ib SN based on late-time spectra of SN 2006jc. The progenitor suffered an LBV-like outburst just 2 yr earlier, and we propose that the dust formation is a consequence of the SN blast wave overtaking that LBV-like shell. The key evidence for dust formation is (a) the appearance of a red/near-IR continuum source fit by 1600 K graphite grains, and (b) fading of the redshifted sides of He I emission lines, yielding progressively more asymmetric blueshifted lines as dust obscures receding material. This provides the strongest case yet for dust formation in any SN Ib/c. Both developments occurred between 51 and 75 d after peak, while other SNe observed to form dust did so after a few hundred days. Geometric considerations indicate that dust formed in the dense swept-up shell between the forward and reverse shocks, and not in the freely expanding SN ejecta. Rapid cooling leading to dust formation may have been aided by extremely high shell densities, as indicated by He I line ratios. The brief epoch of dust formation is accompanied by He II 4686 emission and enhanced X-ray emission. These clues suggest that the unusual dust formation in this object was not due to properties of the SN itself, but instead -- like most peculiarities of SN 2006jc -- was a consequence of the dense environment created by an LBV-like eruption 2 yr before the SN.Comment: ApJ, accepted. added some discussion and 2 figures, better title, conclusions same as previous version. 12 pages, 4 color fig

Evidence for nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration of cosmic-rays in the 2006 outburst of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi

Spectroscopic observations of the 2006 outburst of the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi at both infrared (IR) and X-ray wavelengths have shown that the blast wave has decelerated at a higher rate than predicted by the standard test-particle adiabatic shock-wave model. Here we show that the observed evolution of the nova remnant can be explained by the diffusive shock acceleration of particles at the blast wave and the subsequent escape of the highest energy ions from the shock region. Nonlinear particle acceleration can also account for the difference of shock velocities deduced from the IR and X-ray data. The maximum energy that accelerated electrons and protons can have achieved in few days after outburst is found to be as high as a few TeV. Using the semi-analytic model of nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration developed by Berezhko & Ellison, we show that the postshock temperature of the shocked gas measured with RXTE/PCA and Swift/XRT imply a relatively moderate acceleration efficiency.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ

Study of the island morphology at the early stages of Fe/Mo(110) MBE growth

We present theoretical study of morphology of Fe islands grown at Mo(110) surface in sub-monolayer MBE mode. We utilize atomistic SOS model with bond counting, and interactions of Fe adatom up to third nearest neighbors. We performed KMC simulations for different values of adatom interactions and varying temperatures. We have found that, while for the low temperature islands are fat fractals, for the temperature 500K islands have faceted rhombic-like shape. For the higher temperature, islands acquire a rounded shape. In order to evaluated qualitatively morphological changes, we measured averaged aspect ration of islands. We calculated dependence of the average aspect ratio on the temperature, and on the strength of interactions of an adatom with neighbors.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures. Proceedings of 11-th Symposium on Surface Physics, Prague 200

Magnetic Scanning Tunneling Microscopy with a Two-Terminal Non-Magnetic Tip: Quantitative Results

We report numerical simulation result of a recently proposed \{P. Bruno, Phys. Rev. Lett {\bf 79}, 4593, (1997)\} approach to perform magnetic scanning tunneling microscopy with a two terminal non-magnetic tip. It is based upon the spin asymmetry effect of the tunneling current between a ferromagnetic surface and a two-terminal non-magnetic tip. The spin asymmetry effect is due to the spin-orbit scattering in the tip. The effect can be viewed as a Mott scattering of tunneling electrons within the tip. To obtain quantitative results we perform numerical simulation within the single band tight binding model, using recursive Green function method and Landauer-B\"uttiker formula for conductance. A new model has been developed to take into account the spin-orbit scattering off the impurities within the single-band tight-binding model. We show that the spin-asymmetry effect is most prominent when the device is in quasi-ballistic regime and the typical value of spin asymmetry is about 5%.Comment: 5 pages, Late

The Impact of Halo Properties, Energy Feedback and Projection Effects on the Mass-SZ Flux Relation

We present a detailed analysis of the intrinsic scatter in the integrated SZ effect - cluster mass (Y-M) relation, using semi-analytic and simulated cluster samples. Specifically, we investigate the impact on the Y-M relation of energy feedback, variations in the host halo concentration and substructure populations, and projection effects due to unresolved clusters along the line of sight (the SZ background). Furthermore, we investigate at what radius (or overdensity) one should measure the integrated SZE and define cluster mass so as to achieve the tightest possible scaling. We find that the measure of Y with the least scatter is always obtained within a smaller radius than that at which the mass is defined; e.g. for M_{200} (M_{500}) the scatter is least for Y_{500} (Y_{1100}). The inclusion of energy feedback in the gas model significantly increases the intrinsic scatter in the Y-M relation due to larger variations in the gas mass fraction compared to models without feedback. We also find that variations in halo concentration for clusters of a given mass may partly explain why the integrated SZE provides a better mass proxy than the central decrement. Substructure is found to account for approximately 20% of the observed scatter in the Y-M relation. Above M_{200} = 2x10^{14} h^{-1} msun, the SZ background does not significantly effect cluster mass measurements; below this mass, variations in the background signal reduce the optimal angular radius within which one should measure Y to achieve the tightest scaling with M_{200}.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, to be submitted to Ap

String amplitudes in arbitrary dimensions

We calculate gravitational dressed tachyon correlators in non critcal dimensions. The 2D gravity part of our theory is constrained to constant curvature. Then scaling dimensions of gravitational dressed vertex operators are equal to their bare conformal dimensions. Considering the model as d+2 dimensional critical string we calculate poles of generalized Shapiro-Virasoro amplitudes.Comment: 14 page

Statistical kinetic treatment of relativistic binary collisions

In particle-based algorithms, the effect of binary collisions is commonly described in a statistical way, using Monte Carlo techniques. It is shown that, in the relativistic regime, stringent constraints should be considered on the sampling of particle pairs for collision, which are critical to ensure physically meaningful results, and that nonrelativistic sampling criteria (e.g., uniform random pairing) yield qualitatively wrong results, including equilibrium distributions that differ from the theoretical J\"uttner distribution. A general procedure for relativistically consistent algorithms is provided, and verified with three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations, thus opening the way to the numerical exploration of the statistical properties of collisional relativistic systems.Comment: Accepted for publication as a Rapid Communication in Phys. Rev.