Les sources du Centre de recherches politiques de Sciences Po

En France, les sources sur l’histoire politique contemporaine, et particulièrement les élections, sont très dispersées. Au Centre de recherches politiques de Sciences Po, les documents de travail des chercheurs en science politique d’hier peuvent pleinement servir aux historiens d'aujourd’hui. [Premier paragraphe

EVALUATION de l'IMPACT d'un PROGRAMME d'ÉDUCATION THÉRAPEUTIQUE dans la SCHIZOPHRENIE

International audienceSchizophrenia affects 1% of the population. It greatly alters the quality of life of patients and their autonomy. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a psychoeducation program (PEP) in 17 patients.The effectiveness of the program was measured with validated psychometric questionnaires assessing functional remission, quality of life, adherence to drug treatments and satisfaction.The results revealed a significant effect of PEP on functional remission and adherence to treatment, but no effect on the overall quality of life score. Self-esteem and autonomy were improved. No patient presented evidence for a major depressive episode after PEP. Patients were generally very satisfied of the program.In conclusion, PEP has a beneficial effect on coping strategies of patients with schizophrenia. Awareness of the deleterious effects of the disease at the family, social, emotional and somatic levels allows patients to be challenged with active involvement in care. Building self-esteem ("I'm not crazy, I have an illness") helps patients to be more easily engaged with caregivers.Integrating PEP into the overall care of the patient as a pivotal care (drug treatment, psychosocial rehabilitation, family therapy) is very beneficial. A regular assessment with reinforcement of the knowledge and requests of the patient will be able to improve the overall quality of life score.La schizophrénie affecte 1% de la population. Elle altère grandement la qualité de vie des patients et leur autonomie. Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué l’effet d’un programme d’éducation thérapeutique (ETP) réalisée en groupe, chez 17 patients suivis en psychiatrie et stabilisés. L’efficacité du programme a été mesurée à partir de questionnaires psychométriques validés évaluant la rémission fonctionnelle, la qualité de vie des patients, leur adhésion aux traitements médicamenteux et leur satisfaction quant aux soins reçus.Les résultats révèlent un effet significatif de l’ETP sur la rémission fonctionnelle et l’adhésion aux traitements, mais pas d’effet sur le score global de qualité de vie. L’estime de soi et l’autonomie sont améliorées. Aucun patient n’a présenté de signes en faveur d’un épisode dépressif majeur après l’ETP. Les patients sont globalement très satisfaits du programme.En conclusion, l’ETP a un effet bénéfique sur les stratégies d’adaptation des patients qui souffrent de schizophrénie. La prise de conscience des effets délétères de la maladie au niveau familial, social, affectif et somatique permet aux patients une remise en question avec une implication active dans les soins. Le renforcement de l’estime de soi (« je ne suis pas fou, j’ai une maladie ») aide les patients à se livrer plus facilement auprès des soignants.Intégrer l’ETP dans la prise en charge globale du patient comme pivot dans l’articulation des soins (traitements médicamenteux, réhabilitation psychosociale, thérapie familiale) est très bénéfique. Un bilan régulier avec renforcement des connaissances et demandes du patient pourra améliorer le score global qualité de vie

Electroencephalography microstates imbalance across the spectrum of early psychosis, autism, and mood disorders

Abstract Background Electroencephalography (EEG) microstates translate resting-state temporal dynamics of neuronal networks throughout the brain and could constitute possible markers of psychiatric disorders. We tested the hypothesis of an increased imbalance between a predominant self-referential mode (microstate C) and a decreased attentional mode (microstate D) in psychosis, mood, and autism spectrum disorders. Methods We retrospectively included 135 subjects from an early psychosis outpatient unit, with available eyes-closed resting-state 19 electrodes EEG. Individual-level then group-level modified K-means clustering in controls provided four microstate maps that were then backfitted to all groups. Differences between microstate parameters (occurrence, coverage, and mean duration) were computed between controls and each group, and between disease groups. Results Microstate class D parameters were systematically decreased in disease groups compared with controls, with an effect size increasing along the psychosis spectrum, but also in autism. There was no difference in class C. C/D ratios of mean duration were increased only in SCZ compared with controls. Conclusions The decrease in microstate class D may be a marker of stage of psychosis, but it is not specific to it and may rather reflect a shared dimension along the schizophrenia-autism spectrum. C/D microstate imbalance may be more specific to schizophrenia

A tablet-based quantitative assessment of manual dexterity for detection of early psychosis

BackgroundWe performed a pilot study on whether tablet-based measures of manual dexterity can provide behavioral markers for detection of first-episode psychosis (FEP), and whether cortical excitability/inhibition was altered in FEP.MethodsBehavioral and neurophysiological testing was undertaken in persons diagnosed with FEP (N = 20), schizophrenia (SCZ, N = 20), autism spectrum disorder (ASD, N = 20), and in healthy control subjects (N = 20). Five tablet tasks assessed different motor and cognitive functions: Finger Recognition for effector (finger) selection and mental rotation, Rhythm Tapping for temporal control, Sequence Tapping for control/memorization of motor sequences, Multi Finger Tapping for finger individuation, and Line Tracking for visuomotor control. Discrimination of FEP (from other groups) based on tablet-based measures was compared to discrimination through clinical neurological soft signs (NSS). Cortical excitability/inhibition, and cerebellar brain inhibition were assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation.ResultsCompared to controls, FEP patients showed slower reaction times and higher errors in Finger Recognition, and more variability in Rhythm Tapping. Variability in Rhythm Tapping showed highest specificity for the identification of FEP patients compared to all other groups (FEP vs. ASD/SCZ/Controls; 75% sensitivity, 90% specificity, AUC = 0.83) compared to clinical NSS (95% sensitivity, 22% specificity, AUC = 0.49). Random Forest analysis confirmed FEP discrimination vs. other groups based on dexterity variables (100% sensitivity, 85% specificity, balanced accuracy = 92%). The FEP group had reduced short-latency intra-cortical inhibition (but similar excitability) compared to controls, SCZ, and ASD. Cerebellar inhibition showed a non-significant tendency to be weaker in FEP.ConclusionFEP patients show a distinctive pattern of dexterity impairments and weaker cortical inhibition. Easy-to-use tablet-based measures of manual dexterity capture neurological deficits in FEP and are promising markers for detection of FEP in clinical practice

A Solve-RD ClinVar-based reanalysis of 1522 index cases from ERN-ITHACA reveals common pitfalls and misinterpretations in exome sequencing

Purpose Within the Solve-RD project (https://solve-rd.eu/), the European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies aimed to investigate whether a reanalysis of exomes from unsolved cases based on ClinVar annotations could establish additional diagnoses. We present the results of the “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” reanalysis, reasons for the failure of previous analyses, and lessons learned. Methods Data from the first 3576 exomes (1522 probands and 2054 relatives) collected from European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies was reanalyzed by the Solve-RD consortium by evaluating for the presence of single-nucleotide variant, and small insertions and deletions already reported as (likely) pathogenic in ClinVar. Variants were filtered according to frequency, genotype, and mode of inheritance and reinterpreted. Results We identified causal variants in 59 cases (3.9%), 50 of them also raised by other approaches and 9 leading to new diagnoses, highlighting interpretation challenges: variants in genes not known to be involved in human disease at the time of the first analysis, misleading genotypes, or variants undetected by local pipelines (variants in off-target regions, low quality filters, low allelic balance, or high frequency). Conclusion The “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” analysis represents an effective, fast, and easy approach to recover causal variants from exome sequencing data, herewith contributing to the reduction of the diagnostic deadlock

Approche fonctionnelle de l’emploi de l’huile de palme – Perspectives d’évolution réglementaire en matière d’étiquetage

Formulating food products requires taking into account the functional characteristics of the ingredients as well as nutrition facts and recommendations, quality of the end-product, supplying and production, regulatory compliance… For food recipes where fats do play an important texturing function (based on their crystallisation properties), the selection of adequate oils or fats may become rather complex with emerging additional requirements, like finding alternatives to palm oil – the oil that became itself an efficient substitute to partially hydrogenated fats when the trans fatty acids issue occurred in the nineties. Looking for optimised formulations should first and foremost focus on nutritional facts (reduction of saturated fatty acids – SAFA, reduction of fat contents when relevant) and functionality. As far as palm oil respond to the required specifications, too systematic attempts for avoiding it, may lead to less satisfactory options in terms of nutrition or quality result. The main existing options are described and related to the dependence of the formulations to the ‘‘solid function’’ of fats : when possible, the changes have already or will be done (frying oils, certain applications in bakery fats…) ; in some cases (namely puff pastry), reduction of SAFA or fat content is much more critical. The paper ends on regulatory aspects of food labelling as far as the ingredients specific origin and the nutrition facts will have to be mentioned by the end of 2016

Caractéristiques des huiles de lin et de chanvre

Les huiles de lin et de chanvre appartiennent à la famille des huiles riches en acides gras polyinsaturés contenant de l’acide alpha-linolénique (ALA). Le contexte actuel du déficit d’apport en ALA, précurseur indispensable des AGPI de la série des omégas 3 (ou n-3), comme en ses dérivés métaboliques supérieurs (EPA, DHA), fonde le regain d’intérêt pour les sources apportant le précurseur de ces acides gras essentiels. Les autorisations de commercialisation de l’huile de chanvre ou l’évolution réglementaire dans le cas de l’huile de lin en France, ont tenu compte de cet atout nutritionnel pourvu que les conditions de stabilité en conservation soient garanties