Differential induction of seven 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase genes by elicitor in suspension cultures of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

The key enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis, ACC synthase, is encoded by a multigene family. We describe three new DNA sequences encoding members of the ACC synthase family of the tomato. One of these sequences encodes a novel ACC synthase, LE-ACS6, which is phylogenetically related to the ACC synthases LE-ACS1A and LE-ACS1B. Gene-specific probes for seven tomato ACC synthase genes were prepared. They were used for RNase protection assays to study the accumulation of ACC synthase transcripts in suspension-cultured tomato cells after the addition of an elicitor. The ACC synthase genes LE-ACS2, LE-ACS5 and LE-ACS6 were strongly induced by the elicitor. In contrast, the genes LE-ACS1B, LE-ACS3 and LE-ACS4 were constitutively expressed and LE-ACS1B was present at all times at a particularly high level. Thus, there are two groups of ACC synthase transcripts expressed in these cells, either elicitor-induced or constitutive. A transcript of LE-ACS1A was not detected. Despite the presence of LE-ACS1B, LE-ACS2, LE-ACS3, LE-ACS4 and LE-ACS5, there was only little ethylene produced in the absence of the elicitor. Increased ethylene production is usually correlated with the accumulation of ACC synthase transcripts, indicating that ethylene production is controlled via the transcriptional activation of ACC synthase genes. However, the abundance of several ACC synthase mRNAs studied was not strictly correlated with the rate of elicitor-induced ethylene production. Our data provide evidence that the activity of these ACC synthases may not solely be controlled by the transcriptional activation of ACC synthase gene

Concurrent validity and reliability of a novel wireless inertial measurement system to assess trunk movement

Assessment of movement dysfunctions commonly comprises trunk range of motion (ROM), movement or control impairment (MCI), repetitive movements (RM), and reposition error (RE). Inertial measurement unit (IMU)-systems could be used to quantify these movement dysfunctions in clinical settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel IMU-system when assessing movement dysfunctions in terms of concurrent validity and reliability

Wildcamping im Aufschwung: Von der Zunahme der Aktivität und der Wirkung unterschiedlicher Lenkungsmassnahmen in Schweizer Naturpärken

Camping ist in der Schweiz seit einigen Jahren im Aufwind. Spätestens seit der Covid-19-Pandemie ist auch das wilde Campen eine viel ausgeübte Aktivität, welche aus verschiedenen Gründen Probleme mit sich bringen kann, für Flora und Fauna, teilweise jedoch auch für die Gesellschaft. Damit diese auf ein Minimum gesenkt werden können, wurden unter anderem von den Schweizer Pärken, welche diese Entwicklung mitverfolgt haben, Lenkungsmassnahmen ergriffen. Sie sind Teil des Besuchermanagements und sollen dazu beitragen, dass sich die Menschen nicht in Gebieten aufhalten, wo Wildcamping aus umwelt-, oder aus gesellschaftstechnischer Sicht unerwünscht ist. Inwiefern sich diese Massnahmen auf die Wildcampenden auswirken, ist bis jetzt relativ unbekannt. Diese Arbeit setzt an diesem Punkt an und befasst sich damit, welche Lenkungsmassnahmen in den Schweizer Pärken ergriffen worden sind und wie die Wildcamper:innen darauf ansprechen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Umfrage in den Pärken durchgeführt. Zudem wurden Interviews mit Expert:innen aus den Pärken Gantrisch, Diemtigtal und Entlebuch, sowie mit zehn Wildcampenden durchgeführt. Für einen Gesamtüberblick wurden ausserdem Dokumente zum Thema inhaltlich analysiert. Die Resultate der Auswertung ergeben, dass seitens der Wildcampenden grundsätzlich Verständnis für getroffene Lenkungsmassnahmen vorhanden ist und einige auch erwünscht sind. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass Wildcamping mit einem Fahrzeug, sprich Bus oder Van, am besten mittels Angebotserweiterung gelenkt werden kann. Wildcampende mit Zelt oder Biwak sind schwieriger zu lenken, da sie sich im Grunde überall aufhalten können. Für diese Gruppe Wildcampender machen Sensibilisierungsmassnahmen Sinn, damit das Wildcamping verantwortungsvoll ausgeübt wird. Auch zeigt die Arbeit auf, dass Lenkungsmassnahmen, unabhängig ihrer Art, erfolgreicher sind, wenn sie einfach, klar und transparent kommuniziert werden. Zudem entscheidet die Art der Umsetzung, ob eine Massnahme von den Wildcampenden angenommen wird. Eine grosse Herausforderung stellt die Erreichbarkeit der Wildcampenden dar, welche beispielsweise durch die Zusammenarbeit verschiedener Stakeholder verbessert werden kann

Revision of the Swiss Arbitration Act – A Status Report

Revisión de la Ley de Arbitraje de Suiza – Un informe de la situaciónEn la actual revisión de la Ley de Arbitraje de Suiza, el gobierno suizo sugiere unas ligeras modificaciones a las normas vigentes. Este estudio contempla la inclusión de ciertos aspectos establecidos por la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo Federal de Suiza (con algunas aclaraciones), a saber, el fortalecimiento de la autonomía de las partes y el aumento de la facilidad en el empleo de este procedimiento. Las aportaciones más relevantes se centran en el nombramiento, sustitición y remoción de los árbitros y en la corrección, explicación, finalización y revisión de los laudos arbitrales. El enfoque adoptado por el Gobierno, manteniendo el carácter de la Ley de Arbitraje de Suiza como una ley concisa que trata solo los aspectos necesarios de los procedimientos arbitrales merece un apoyo bajo el lema: “¡si funciona, para qué arreglarlo!

The chimeric repressor version of an Ethylene Response Factor(ERF) family member, Sl-ERF.B3, shows contrasting effects on tomato fruit ripening

Fruit ripening involves a complex interplay between ethylene and ripening-associated transcriptional regulators. Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) are downstream components of ethylene signaling, known to regulate the expression of ethylene-responsive genes. Although fruit ripening is an ethylene-regulated process, the role of ERFs remains poorly understood. The role of Sl-ERF.B3 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit maturation and ripening is addressed here using a chimeric dominant repressor version (ERF.B3-SRDX). Over-expression of ERF.B3-SRDX results in a dramatic delay of the onset of ripening, enhanced climacteric ethylene production and fruit softening, and reduced pigment accumulation. Consistently, genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and in softening are up-regulated and those of carotenoid biosynthesis are down-regulated. Moreover, the expression of ripening regulators, such as RIN, NOR, CNR and HB-1, is stimulated in ERF.B3-SRDX dominant repressor fruits and the expression pattern of a number of ERFs is severely altered. The data suggest the existence of a complex network enabling interconnection between ERF genes which may account for the pleiotropic alterations in fruit maturation and² ripening. Overall, the study sheds new light on the role of Sl-ERF.B3 in the transcriptional network controlling the ripening process and uncovers a means towards uncoupling some of the main ripening-associated processes

SAN BECLETA ARQUEOLÓGICO

Con relación a las exiguas huellas de la presencia inca en Chile, un claro ejemplo son las fortificaciones o pucarás, cuales son difíciles de distinguir por sus rasgos arquitectónicos, dado que no siempre estaban rodeadas de muros de circunvalación. En Chile, un claro ejemplo de este tipo de asentamiento lo constituye el pucará de Chena, ubicado a pocos kilómetros de Santiago. Este pucará hace referencia a una herencia histórica, cultural, religiosa, lingüística y económica que ejercieron los incas en este territorio de la Zona Central de Chile, siendo Declarado Monumento Arqueológico en 1977. Análogamente, es un sitio prioritario para la biodiversidad que permite conocer al visitante una flora nativa y endémica. Como también, diversas organizaciones indígenas de Santiago, que utilizan al cerro Chena desde hace dos décadas como espacio sagrado para realización de distintas ceremonias y ritos. Sin embargo, este lugar ha sido más aprovechado por un grupo determinado que por un público general, que desconoce el potencial patrimonial, educacional y ecológico de este vestigio incásico. Por lo cual, en el 2014, la ONG JUE logra desarrollar un circuito turístico arqueológico, al revalorizar a este pucará inca y acercarlo a la comunidad sambernardina, gracias a charlas educativas, cicletadas y trekking

Physiological motion axis for the seat of a dynamic office chair

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine and verify the optimal location of the motion axis (MA) for the seat of a dynamic office chair. Background: A dynamic seat that supports pelvic motion may improve physical well-being and decrease the risk of sitting-associated disorders. However, office work requires an undisturbed view on the work task, which means a stable position of the upper trunk and head. Current dynamic office chairs do not fulfill this need. Consequently, a dynamic seat was adapted to the physiological kinematics of the human spine. Method: Three-dimensional motion tracking in free sitting helped determine the physiological MA of the spine in the frontal plane. Three dynamic seats with physiological, lower, and higher MA were compared in stable upper body posture (thorax inclination) and seat support of pelvic motion (dynamic fitting accuracy). Spinal kinematics during sitting and walking were compared. Results: The physiological MA was at the level of the 11th thoracic vertebra, causing minimal thorax inclination and high dynamic fitting accuracy. Spinal motion in active sitting and walking was similar. Conclusion: The physiological MA of the seat allows considerable lateral flexion of the spine similar to walking with a stable upper body posture and a high seat support of pelvic motion. Application: The physiological MA enables lateral flexion of the spine, similar to walking, without affecting stable upper body posture, thus allowing active sitting while focusing on work

RUTA CERROS DE CHENA: UNA EXPERIENCIA PEDALÍSTICA DE TURISMO INCLUSIVO EN SAN BERNARDO (SANTIAGO DE CHILE)

The Covid-19 pandemic has reoriented tourist demand towards places with natural and landscape wealth, accentuating the development of alternative tourist modalities. In this sense, the town of Chapadmalal (Buenos Aires, Argentina) had been leading a process of growth and diversification of tourist services and a greater presence of tourists seeking an environment of environmental quality and distance from urban centers. This is how, framed in the analysis of the residents of tourist destinations, this article aims to investigate the perceptions of the inhabitants of Chapadamalal about their locality, the neighborhoods that compose it, the neighbors and tourism. Quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis strategies are combined, specifically surveys and semi-structured interviews with local residents.The main results show that Chapdmalal is characterized as a quiet place, sparsely populated and with wide natural spaces. Residents generally define themselves as supportive, with a sense of community and committed to their locality. Regarding the visions about tourism, these are diverse, although there is a unifying criterion of the discourses given by the awareness about the socio-environmental impact of spontaneous tourism growth and the possibility of getting involved in the development of an alternative offer.La premura de habilitar en la actividad turística a las personas con capacidades diferentes es un reto que diferentes organizaciones y entidades han decidido asumir. Consentir que este especial grupo con movilidad reducida, discapacidad visual o auditiva, se les permita viajar y realizar novedosas experiencias es su propósito.Por ello, el turismo inclusivo es una actividad que oferta servicios de propuestas y formación al área turística, proponiendo beneficiar con el acceso universal una gran cantidad de personas. En este sentido la Fundación San Becleta ha logrado proponer y ejecutar un circuito inclusivo que ha favorecido a 12 personas con capacidad diferentes con tipos de discapacidad visual y motriz, que mediante el uso de bicicletas tándem, guías preparados y que están totalmente a disposición de este especial usuario ha podido acceder a bienes culturales y paisajísticos, cercanos a los cerros de Chena, de manera segura, cómoda, autónoma y normalizada, que diariamente tiene una complicado acercamiento