Einleitende Gedanken zur allgemeinen Bedeutung des Einzelhandels für die Stadtentwicklung

An Orten für den Tausch von Waren und Diensten wuchsen Städte. Im 19. Jahrhundert entstanden die Kaufhäuser zur Versorgung der in die Agglomerationen strömenden Bevölkerung, im 20. Jahrhundert von Amerika kommend die Shopping-Center und -Malls. Die damit einhergehende Zunahme der individuellen Mobilität konnten die meisten Stadtstrukturen nicht verkraften. Die Entwicklung der Märkte ging aber weiter - vorrangig in peripheren Zentren. Öffentliche und zentrale Einrichtungen und das Einkaufen sind aber die Gründe dafür, dass Einwohner ihre Städte in ihrer Zentralität wahrnehmen. Das Städtebaurecht hat mit verschiedenen Instrumenten regelnd eingegriffen. Ein Dreiklang aus sachlicher Beratung, innovativen Anregungen und rechtlicher Stützung ist ein wesentliches Element heutiger Stadtentwicklungsplanung. Für die Konflikte bei der Ansiedlung großflächigen Einzelhandels, die über die Möglichkeiten der örtlichen Stadtentwicklungspolitik hinausgehen, dürfte es ein Erfordernis der raumordnerischen Steuerung geben.Towns grew in places where goods and services were exchanged. In the 19th century department stores developed to serve the population streaming into the agglomerations; in the 20th century shopping centres and malls arrived from America. The associated increase in personal mobility was too much for the urban structures of most towns, although the markets continued to develop - particularly in peripheral centres. Public and central facilities and shopping, however, underlie residents' perceptions of the centrality of their towns. Urban planning legislation intervened using various instruments of regulation. A combination of specialist advice, innovative suggestions and legal support is a major element of the urban development planning of today. In the case of conflicts surrounding the development of large-scale retail facilities that exceed the capabilities of local urban development policy, there is likely to be a need for spatial planning management

Development of deactivation of the default-mode network during episodic memory formation

Task-induced deactivation of the default-mode network (DMN) has been associated in adults with successful episodic memory formation, possibly as a mechanism to focus allocation of mental resources for successful encoding of external stimuli. We investigated developmental changes of deactivation of the DMN (posterior cingulate, medial prefrontal, and bilateral lateral parietal cortices) during episodic memory formation in children, adolescents, and young adults (ages 8–24), who studied scenes during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Recognition memory improved with age. We defined DMN regions of interest from a different sample of participants with the same age range, using resting-state fMRI. In adults, there was greater deactivation of the DMN for scenes that were later remembered than scenes that were later forgotten. In children, deactivation of the default-network did not differ reliably between scenes that were later remembered or forgotten. Adolescents exhibited a pattern of activation intermediate to that of children and adults. The hippocampal region, often considered part of the DMN, showed a functional dissociation with the rest of the DMN by exhibiting increased activation for later remembered than later forgotten scene that was similar across age groups. These findings suggest that development of memory ability from childhood through adulthood may involve increased deactivation of the neocortical DMN during learning

Relational database - structures in archaeology: ADS - an application in client-server-conception developed by means of CASE method

Anhand der Vorarbeiten zu einem historischen Atlas der Siedlungen und Gräberfelder der Römischen Kaiserzeit skizziert der Autor den Aufbau eines Informationssystems für Archäologen, das sowohl für Ausgrabungspläne als auch für Museen genutzt werden kann. Dieses System erlaubt dem Nutzer, archäologische Quellen jeglicher Art zu strukturieren und zu bewerten. Im Zentrum der Ausführungen stehen die technischen Aspekte der Entwicklung des ADS (Archaeological Datebase System). Die 'CASE-Method' (Computer Aided Systems Engineering) wird zum Aufbau der organisatorischen Aspekte eines solchen Systems herangezogen. (pmb

Age-related differences in brain electrical activity during extended continuous face recognition in younger children, older children and adults

To examine the development of recognition memory in primary-school children, 36 healthy younger children (8-9years old) and 36 healthy older children (11-12years old) participated in an ERP study with an extended continuous face recognition task (Study 1). Each face of a series of 30 faces was shown randomly six times interspersed with distracter faces. The children were required to make old vs. new decisions. Older children responded faster than younger children, but younger children exhibited a steeper decrease in latencies across the five repetitions. Older children exhibited better accuracy for new faces, but there were no age differences in recognition accuracy for repeated faces. For the N2, N400 and late positive complex (LPC), we analyzed the old/new effects (repetition 1 vs. new presentation) and the extended repetition effects (repetitions 1 through 5). Compared to older children, younger children exhibited larger frontocentral N2 and N400 old/new effects. For extended face repetitions, negativity of the N2 and N400 decreased in a linear fashion in both age groups. For the LPC, an ERP component thought to reflect recollection, no significant old/new or extended repetition effects were found. Employing the same face recognition paradigm in 20 adults (Study 2), we found a significant N400 old/new effect at lateral frontal sites and a significant LPC repetition effect at parietal sites, with LPC amplitudes increasing linearly with the number of repetitions. This study clearly demonstrates differential developmental courses for the N400 and LPC pertaining to recognition memory for faces. It is concluded that face recognition in children is mediated by early and probably more automatic than conscious recognition processes. In adults, the LPC extended repetition effect indicates that adult face recognition memory is related to a conscious and graded recollection process rather than to an automatic recognition process

Memory development: implications for adults recalling childhood experiences in the courtroom

Adults frequently provide compelling, detailed accounts of early childhood experiences in the courtroom. Judges and jurors are asked to decide guilt or innocence based solely on these decades-old memories using 'common sense' notions about memory. However, these notions are not in agreement with findings from neuroscientific and behavioural studies of memory development. Without expert guidance, judges and jurors may have difficulty in properly adjudicating the weight of memory evidence in cases involving adult recollections of childhood experiences

Intrinsic monitoring of learning success facilitates memory encoding via the activation of the SN/VTA-Hippocampal loop

Humans constantly learn in the absence of explicit rewards. However, the neurobiological mechanisms supporting this type of internally-guided learning (without explicit feedback) are still unclear. Here, participants who completed a task in which no external reward/feedback was provided, exhibited enhanced fMRI-signals within the dopaminergic midbrain, hippocampus, and ventral striatum (the SN/VTA-Hippocampal loop) when successfully grasping the meaning of new-words. Importantly, new-words that were better remembered showed increased activation and enhanced functional connectivity between the midbrain, hippocampus, and ventral striatum. Moreover, enhanced emotion-related physiological measures and subjective pleasantness ratings during encoding were associated with remembered new-words after 24 hr. Furthermore, increased subjective pleasantness ratings were also related to new-words remembered after seven days. These results suggest that intrinsic-potentially reward-related-signals, triggered by self-monitoring of correct performance, can promote the storage of new information into long-term memory through the activation of the SN/VTA-Hippocampal loop, possibly via dopaminergic modulation of the midbrain

Neural Correlates of Syntax and Proto-Syntax: Evolutionary Dimension

The present fMRI study tested predictions of the evolution-of-syntax framework which analyzes certain structures as remnants (“fossils”) of a non-hierarchical (non-recursive) proto-syntactic stage in the evolution of language (Progovac, 2015, 2016). We hypothesized that processing of these structures, in comparison to more modern hierarchical structures, will show less activation in the brain regions that are part of the syntactic network, including Broca’s area (BA 44 and 45) and the basal ganglia, i.e., the network bolstered in the line of descent of humans through genetic mutations that contributed to present-day dense neuronal connectivity among these regions. Fourteen healthy native English-speaking adults viewed written stimuli consisting of: (1) full sentences (FullS; e.g., The case is closed); (2) Small Clauses (SC; e.g., Case closed); (3) Complex hierarchical compounds (e.g., joy-killer); and (4) Simple flat compounds (e.g., kill-joy). SC (compared to FullS) resulted in reduced activation in the left BA 44 and right basal ganglia. Simple (relative to complex) compounds resulted in increased activation in the inferior temporal gyrus and the fusiform gyrus (BA 37/19), areas implicated in visual and semantic processing. We discuss our findings in the context of current theories regarding the co-evolution of language and the brain

Subjective memory complaints are associated with brain activation supporting successful memory encoding

Neuro Imaging Researc

Reinstatement and transformation of memory traces for recognition

Episodic memory relies on the formation and retrieval of content-specific memory traces. In addition to their veridical reactivation, previous studies have indicated that traces may undergo substantial transformations. However, the exact time course and regional distribution of reinstatement and transformation during recognition memory have remained unclear. We applied representational similarity analysis to human intracranial electroencephalography to track the spatiotemporal dynamics underlying the reinstatement and transformation of memory traces. Specifically, we examined how reinstatement and transformation of item-specific representations across occipital, ventral visual, and lateral parietal cortices contribute to successful memory formation and recognition. Our findings suggest that reinstatement in temporal cortex and transformation in parietal cortex coexist and provide complementary strategies for recognition. Further, we find that generalization and differentiation of neural representations contribute to memory and probe memory-specific correspondence with deep neural network (DNN) model features. Our results suggest that memory formation is particularly supported by generalized and mnemonic representational formats beyond the visual features of a DNN