Implementing FAIR data principles in the IPCC seventh assessment cycle: Lessons learned and future prospects

Every five to seven years, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) convenes the climate science community to assess the latest knowledge on climate change relevant to policy-makers. This generally takes the form of Assessment Reports (AR) covering the scientific basis of climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. With each cycle, these reports have grown in scope, length, number of referenced papers, and underpinning datasets. During the sixth assessment cycle, a large-scale collective effort went into archiving digital products assessed and generated through the IPCC process. The main objectives driving this initiative are making IPCC’s work more transparent, improving the reproducibility and reusability of the assessment outcomes, better utilization of the services of the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (DDC), and, more generally, compliance with best practices in open science. This paper expands on the motivations for the curation and preservation of digital objects in the IPCC. It gives an overview of how FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) and open data principles have been implemented in practice and explores some of the successes and setbacks of the AR6 experience. It concludes with recommendations for consolidation and expansion of the approach for AR7. These include a tighter integration of digital curation activities in the IPCC timeline and workflows, better support of IPCC authors and contributors through early training and use of suitable software, improved standardization and harmonization of data and software handling across Working Groups (WGs), and close collaboration with key external data providers and research organizations

Does the unification of health financing affect the distribution pattern of out‐of‐pocket health expenses in Turkey?

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149529/1/ijsw12389_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149529/2/ijsw12389.pd

Impacts of 1.5°C Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems

An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate povert

Micropropagation and secondary metabolites in Agathosma betulina (Berg.)

ArticleThe global demand for medicinal plant products has increased in the last two decades leading to overexploitation and sometimes extinction of indigenous medicinal plants. Plant biotechnology offers an efficient approach to enhanced biosynthesis of essential and/or bioactive compounds in plants. This study was aimed at developing a micropropagation protocol for Agathosma betulina Berg. (Buchu), one of the most highly utilized aromatic medicinal plants in South Africa. The study also aimed to develop a technique that will enhance the biosynthesis of some bioactive compounds by manipulating the media composition. Seeds and nodal explants from Buchu were decontaminated, germinated and sub-cultured on Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) media adjusted with different concentrations of N6-Benzyladenine (BA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). Dried samples from in vitro cultures were extracted using dichloromethane and analyzed for phytochemical compositions using GC–MS. In vitro seed germination produced healthy seedlings that can be transplanted ex vitro. Significantly higher shoot proliferation was recorded in nodal explants grown in 1/2 strength MS supplemented with 2,4-D and a combination of NAA and BA. Phytochemical analysis revealed significantly higher amounts of limonene accumulated in callus compared to other plant parts. The most abundant phytochemicals were recorded in plants grown on media supplemented with NAA 2.7 μM; these include limonene, pulegone and isomenthone (68, 39 and 33 μg kg− 1 DW respectively). Biosynthesis of certain compounds in in vitro culture of Buchu was induced by plant growth regulator application compared to the control. The plants possess a number of pharmacological properties including anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant. These activities are linked to inherent phytochemical contents. Hence, the use of micropropagation techniques that will enhance the biosynthesis of some bioactive compounds in Buchu will be an efficient means to meet the high demands for this plant.Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyNational Research FoundationStellenbosch Universit

Determination of total and bioavailable heavy and trace metals in South African commercial herbal concoctions using ICP-OES

AbstractIn South Africa, the use of commercial herbal concoctions is becoming very popular. However, due to lack of Good Manufacturing Practices there is a possibility of heavy metal contamination in these commercial herbal concoctions. The aim of this investigation was to screen for heavy metal and trace elements in commercial herbal concoctions used in traditional medicine to treat various kinds of ailments in South Africa. This is the first investigation in which metal concentrations in commercial herbal concoctions was measured. Fourteen herbal concoctions were obtained from traditional herbal (muthi) shops and were subjected to analysis for total and bioavailable metal concentrations using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrophotometry (ICP-OES). Of all the concoctions tested only Vusa umzimba and Sejeso herbal mixture contained high amounts of Cd (2.2 and 0.6mg/kg) respectively, exceeding the safety limit of 0.3mg/kg (WHO, 1998). Vusa umzimba also exhibited high amounts of bioavailable Cd (1.2mg/kg) thereby making it unsafe for human consumption. Surprisingly very high amounts of Hg were detected in Ingwe muthi mixture and Sejeso herbal mixture (14.9 and 12.3mg/kg) respectively. These by far exceeds the weekly allowance limit of 2μg/kg given by WHO/UN committee (2007). Relatively high amounts of Pb were found in Sejeso herbal mixture. The levels of bioavailable metals detected in this study raise concerns, not only for consumer safety, but also the quality of herbal concoctions available as part of the traditional medicinal practice in South Africa