Scaling behavior of optimally structured catalytic microfluidic reactors

In this study of catalytic microfluidic reactors we show that, when optimally structured, these reactors share underlying scaling properties. The scaling is predicted theoretically and verified numerically. Furthermore, we show how to increase the reaction rate significantly by distributing the active porous material within the reactor using a high-level implementation of topology optimization.Comment: 4 pages, 5 eps figure

Dynamic adaption of vascular morphology.

The structure of vascular networks adapts continuously to meet changes in demand of the surrounding tissue. Most of the known vascular adaptation mechanisms are based on local reactions to local stimuli such as pressure and flow, which in turn reflects influence from the surrounding tissue. Here we present a simple two-dimensional (2D) model in which, as an alternative approach, the tissue is modeled as a porous medium with intervening sharply defined flow channels. Based on simple, physiologically realistic assumptions, flow-channel structure adapts so as to reach a configuration in which all parts of the tissue are supplied. A set of model parameters uniquely determine the model dynamics, and we have identified the region of the best performing model parameters (a global optimum). This region is surrounded in parameter space by less optimal model parameter values, and this separation is characterized by steep gradients in the related fitness landscape. Hence it appears that the optimal set of parameters tends to localize close to critical transition zones. Consequently, while the optimal solution is stable for modest parameter perturbations, larger perturbations may cause a profound and permanent shift in systems characteristics. We suggest that the system is driven towards a critical state as a consequence of the ongoing parameter optimization, mimicking an evolutionary pressure on the system

Reexamination of Hagen-Poiseuille flow: shape-dependence of the hydraulic resistance in microchannels

We consider pressure-driven, steady state Poiseuille flow in straight channels with various cross-sectional shapes: elliptic, rectangular, triangular, and harmonic-perturbed circles. A given shape is characterized by its perimeter P and area A which are combined into the dimensionless compactness number C = P^2/A, while the hydraulic resistance is characterized by the well-known dimensionless geometrical correction factor alpha. We find that alpha depends linearly on C, which points out C as a single dimensionless measure characterizing flow properties as well as the strength and effectiveness of surface-related phenomena central to lab-on-a-chip applications. This measure also provides a simple way to evaluate the hydraulic resistance for the various shapes.Comment: 4 pages including 3 figures. Revised title, as publishe

Topology and shape optimization of induced-charge electro-osmotic micropumps

For a dielectric solid surrounded by an electrolyte and positioned inside an externally biased parallel-plate capacitor, we study numerically how the resulting induced-charge electro-osmotic (ICEO) flow depends on the topology and shape of the dielectric solid. In particular, we extend existing conventional electrokinetic models with an artificial design field to describe the transition from the liquid electrolyte to the solid dielectric. Using this design field, we have succeeded in applying the method of topology optimization to find system geometries with non-trivial topologies that maximize the net induced electro-osmotic flow rate through the electrolytic capacitor in the direction parallel to the capacitor plates. Once found, the performance of the topology optimized geometries has been validated by transferring them to conventional electrokinetic models not relying on the artificial design field. Our results show the importance of the topology and shape of the dielectric solid in ICEO systems and point to new designs of ICEO micropumps with significantly improved performance.Comment: 18 pages, latex IOP-style, 7 eps figure

Structural Optimization of Non-Newtonian Rectifiers

When the size of fluidic devices is scaled down, inertial effects start to vanish such that the governing equation becomes linear. Some microfluidic devices rely on the non-linear term related to the inertia of the fluid, and one example is fluid rectifiers (diodes) e.g. related to some micropumps. These rectifiers rely on the device geometry for their working mechanism, but on further downscaling the inertial effect vanishes and the governing equation starts to show symmetry properties. These symmetry properties reduce the geometry influence to the point where fluid rectifiers cease to function.In this context it is natural to look for other sources of non-linearity and one possibility is to introduce a non-Newtonian working fluid. Non-Newtonian properties are due to stretching of large particles/molecules in the fluid and this is commonly seen for biological samples in “lab-on-a-chip” systems. The strength of non-Newtonian effects does not depend on the device size. Furthermore a non-Newtonian working fluid removes symmetry properties such that geometry influence is reintroduced, and indeed non-Newtonian effects have been used in experimentally realized microfluidic rectitifiers[1].The rectifiers in [1] have the simplest thinkable non-symmetric geometry, but the relation between the geometry and the corresponding working behavior is non-intuitive. This indicates that we will be able to enhance the performance of these devices by changing the design. For this purpose we use the method of topology optimization, which is a kind of design optimization where nothing is assumed about the topology of the design. We will apply a high-level implementation of topology optimization using the density method in a commercial finite element package[2].However, the modeling of non-Newtonian fluids remains a major scientific challenge, but progress continuous and it is now possible to model systems in a parameter regime where actual devices work. Presently we have implemented a state-of-the-art model of a non-Newtonian fluid and used this model for topology optimization of a non-Newtonian rectifier. In this way we have found designs that are topologically different from previously experimentally realized non-Newtonian rectifiers. Non-Newtonian microfluidics is not at all restricted to rectifiers. The project outlook thus relates to optimization of bistable fluid devices, as experimentally demonstrated in [3]. Due to the non-intuitive nature of non-Newtonian microfluidics, there is even the possibility of finding new devices with the help of topology optimization: That is rather than improving existing devices, we can imagine a novel device, then define an objective function and finally investigate the feasibility of the device idea using topology optimization