Isogeometric analysis applied to frictionless large deformation elastoplastic contact

This paper focuses on the application of isogeometric analysis to model frictionless large deformation contact between deformable bodies and rigid surfaces that may be represented by analytical functions. The contact constraints are satisfied exactly with the augmented Lagrangian method, and treated with a mortar-based approach combined with a simplified integration method to avoid segmentation of the contact surfaces. The spatial discretization of the deformable body is performed with NURBS and C0-continuous Lagrange polynomial elements. The numerical examples demonstrate that isogeometric surface discretization delivers more accurate and robust predictions of the response compared to Lagrange discretizations

The Value of Engagement: Examining the Relationship between LGBTQ+ Student Involvement & Alumni Engagement

With the shifting dynamics within higher education, there is a stronger reliance and need for financial support in order to aid the institution’s growth and financial health. One particular segment of their donor base that institutions will need to cultivate in order to respond to these dynamics is among their alumni. Simultaneously, while many institutions have made significant advancements for resources, services, and inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or queer/questioning (LGBTQ+) people, barriers to their academic, economic, social, and mental health still exist. Using student involvement, queer identity development, and identity-based alumni engagement theoretical models as guides, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between LGBTQ+ undergraduate student involvement experiences on alumni engagement in institutional advancement activities post-graduation. The overarching contribution of this study makes to how scholars and practitioners should understand the alumni engagement of LGBTQ+ people is that what they do during their undergraduate career informs what they do as alumni. This study begins to demonstrate how sense of belonging, validation, and identity saliency play consequential roles in these alumni’s undergraduate experiences that relate to desirable outcomes of interest in terms of practices and behaviors of engaged alumni. This trio of considerations fits underneath the new umbrella terms “queer-salient undergraduate involvement and queer-salient alumni engagement”. The concept of queer-salient undergraduate involvement and alumni engagement is the understanding of how one’s queer identity shapes involvement during their undergraduate years or as alumni in terms of alumni engagement as defined as volunteering or philanthropic giving. Prior literature makes plain that LGBTQ+ identities are critical in the ways that not only queer and trans* students get involved during their undergraduate years, but also how the institution, and institutional actors, involve them during and after their undergraduate career. In better comprehending the relationship between student involvement and alumni engagement, higher education practitioners and scholars can understand how to better support and engage LGBTQ+ populations during their undergraduate years and post-graduation to foster mutually beneficial relationships

Modelling and Analysis of Electrical Field Gradients over Offshore Pipelines with Cathodic Protection - Impact of Drain to Subsea Wells

Olje- og gassindustires er en av de viktigste industriene for norsk økonomi, men denne industrien har også et enormt ansvar når det kommer til konsekvensene av svikt av offshorestrukturer og -rørledninger. Katodisk Beskyttelse er en av de mest effektive metodene for å redusere sjansen for korrosjon av strukturer og rørledninger and er dermed risikoen for olje- og gasslekkasje på grunn av svikt som følge av korrosjon. Undervannsbrønner er ikke antatt å være kritiske strukturer som trenger egen katodisk beskyttelse, men strømdrenasje til brønner legges til designet av omliggende rørledninger og strukturer for å kompensere for strømmen brønner drenerer fra andre beskyttelsessystemer. Effekten av strømdrenasje fra omliggende beskyttelsessystemer er ikke i stor grad undersøkt og et fåtall studier tar for seg hvor mye strøm som dreneres til brønner og hvordan dette endrer som over tid. I denne studien er målet å forbedre forståelsen av hvordan strøm dreneres til undervannsbrønner og hvor mye som faktisk dreneres. Reelle feltdata fra et kjent felt, referert til som Felt A, er brukt som referanse til å lage en modell hvor målt og simulert strømdrenasje skal sammenlignes. Flere parametere som er nødvendig for å lage modellen er ukjent, hvor fleste av disse er parametere som beskriver geometrien til brønnen. En parameterstudie er derfor gjort for å finne effekten av disse parameterne og om de er viktige for å lage en modell som fungerer. Comsol Multiphysics er dataprogrammet som er brukt til modelleringen, og flere modeller er lagd for å både se effekten av parameterne og får å validere resultatene som er oppnådd. Resultatene fra parameterstudiet viser at ingen av de geometriske parameterne har noen effekt på prosentvis mengde strøm som hver anode leverer til drenasje, som betyr at geometrien på brønnen ikke er kritisk for å oppnå en realistisk, simulert drenasjeprofil. Resultatene fra modellen hvor alle aspekter med tanke på drenasje til brønn er inkludert, som drenasje fra begge nærliggende rørledninger og drenasje fra beskyttelsesstruktur, viser at den simulerte drenasje profilen stemmer godt over ens med den målte. Den samme konklusjonen kan bli gjort når det kommer til modellen hvor disse resultatene valideres, hvor det samme resultatet blir oppnådd, noe som vil si at modellen fungerer og kan benyttes til å studere andre problemer knyttet til strømdrenasje til undervannsbrønner.The oil and gas industry is one of the most important industries to the Norwegian economy, but the industry also has an enormous responsibility when it comes to the consequences of failure of offshore pipelines and structures. Cathodic Protection (CP) is one of the most effective methods for decreasing the corrosion of structures and pipelines and hence reducing the risk of oil and gas leakage due to corrosion failure. Subsea wells are not considered critical object that require cathodic protection per design, but a current drain to these structures are added to the CP design of adjacent structures and pipelines to compensate for the protection of these structures. The effect subsea wells have on adjacent CP systems is not well investigated and a limited amount of studies investigate how much current subsea wells drains and how this current drain evolves over time. In this study, improving the understanding of the behaviour of subsea wells and how current is drained from the CP systems of adjacent pipelines is of interest. Real field data from a known subsea field, referred to as Field A, is used as a reference to build a realistic model where the measured anode current output is matched as good as possible by simulated drain profiles. There are several unknown parameters that is necessary to create such a model, as the geometrical parameters of the well structure, i.e. the depth, radius and number of wells. A parameter study is performed to investigate the importance of these parameters and how they affect the drain profile of the pipeline’s anodes. Comsol Multiphysics is used as modelling software, and several models are created to investigate the effect of the parameters, to compare the simulated and measured drain profile and to verify the results from the comparison. The results from the parameter study show that neither of the geometrical parameters of the well structure affect the percentage amount of anode current output of the total current drained, which means that the value of these parameters is not critical to obtain a realistic, simulated drain profile. The result of the modelling where all aspects regarding drain is included, as drain from both adjacent pipelines to the drain point and the drain from the template structure, show that the simulated drain profile matches the measured drain profile well. The same conclusion can be made from the verification model, and hence the model can be used as a tool to investigate other CP problems regarding current drain to subsea wells

Investigation Methods for Fish-escape Events in Norwegian Aquaculture

In close cooperation with the Norwegian sea-based aquaculture industry SINTEF has developed and tested a methodology for investigating fish-escape events. The study base was a review of a selection of investigation methods from other industries. Four different methods were tested through investigations of specific fish-escape events. An assessment of strengths and weaknesses of the individual methods related to requirements and framework conditions of the aquaculture industry followed. Important requirements for the investigation methods were that the methods should be adapted to the complexity and characteristics of the fish-escape events. In addition, it should be adapted to the size of the aquaculture company, and the available level of expertise and resources. A combination of two investigation methods were tested in a final workshop with a dedicated aquaculture company. The recommended methodology became a combination of the STEP method (Sequentially Timed Events Plotting) and a Causal map method. Positive feedback from the aquaculture companies during the testing proved applicability of the suggested methodology.publishedVersio

Evaluating non-functional qualities in railway by applying the quality triage method - A case study

The railway industry is undergoing modernization and development with increasing use of new technology and digitalisation. In addition to physical security requirements, systems need to be secured against cyberattacks from outsiders. In addition, there are other quality requirements like scalability, reliability, availability, and sustainability that need attention. This paper presents results from testing the quality triage method, which has its origin from software development, on railway projects. The quality triage method aims to balance several quality requirements for decision making in development projects. Cybersecurity is an example of these quality requirements. A discussion of cost elements and benefits from applying the method within the railway domain has been outlined. As a main conclusion, the authors see new opportunities of addressing quality requirements more explicitly in projects by applying the quality triage approach to railway projects.publishedVersio

Modellering av langtidsbehov for fornyelse av drikkevannsledninger

Service-nivå er en faktor som utelates fra mange av de eksisterende metodene for langtidsplanlegging av ledningsfornyelse. Og når levetidskurver anvendes, er de som regel basert på antagelser og erfaringer. En ny metode utviklet ved NTNU kalibrerer derimot levetidskurver med historiske data fra allerede rehabiliterte ledninger som grunnlag. En antatt fremtidig rehabiliteringsrate benyttes i kalibreringsprosessen, og tidligere rehabiliteringsraters evne til å opprettholde et tilfredsstillende service-nivå skal avgjøre hvilken rehabiliteringsrate som velges. Kalibreringen innebærer å estimere årlig fremtidig nedleggelse av operative ledninger, helt til alle ledningene i en gruppe er nedlagt, som så overføres til en kalibreringskurve. Dette er en tidkrevende prosess, og målet med denne master-oppgaven har vært å utvikle en automatisert kalibreringsfunksjon. I den forbindelse er det blitt utført en analyse av aldersfordelingen til nedlagte og renoverte drikkevanns-ledninger i tre norske byer, da alderen på ledningene som velges ut vil være avgjørende for kalibreringskurvens forløp. Resultatene fra de tre byene er for ulike til at en landsdekkende praksis kan fastslås, og derfor bør en tilsvarende analyse ideelt sett gjennomføres av alle vannverk som ønsker å benytte kalibreringsfunksjonen. Én trend er imidlertid at alderen til de nedlagte og renoverte ledningene ofte fordeler seg likt i forhold til alderen til de operative ledningene, og dette har dannet grunnlaget for programmeringen av en normalfordelt utvelgelse av ledninger i funksjonen. Trondheim Kommune har tidligere utarbeidet en rapport om det langsiktige behovet for rehabilitering av vannledninger ved hjelp av programvaren CARE-W LTP og den konvensjonelle metoden for å velge levetidskurver. I et case-studie er sammenlignbare resultater blitt produsert med levetidskurver fra kalibreringsfunksjonen. De kalibrerte levetidskurvene er basert på forutsetninger som er noe ulike kommunens, og resulterer i et fremtidig rehabiliteringsbehov som nesten er det dobbelte av hva kommunens rapport slår fast. En estimert fremtidig feilrate illustrerer at med rehabiliteringsraten fra de kalibrerte levetidskurvene, vil drikkevannsnettet potensielt kunne oppnå et godt service-nivå i løpet av en tiårsperiode. Innsatsen må da legges ned i enkelte ledningsgrupper med særlig behov for rehabilitering

Et kritisk blikk på norsk film : -Kvalitet og verdivurdering i et estetisk og kulturpolitisk perspektiv

Denne oppgaven tar utgangspunkt i store endringer i norsk filmbransje det siste tiåret; nemlig fokuset på markedsandeler og publikumstall. Mål og virkemidler knyttet til dette diskuteres som «den nye filmpolitikken» i oppgaven, hvor staten har opprettholdt målsetninger om å sikre kvalitet og bredde til kinopublikum. Dette har utfordret satsningen på kunstnerisk kvalitet i norsk film og den kunstneriske vurderingen av norsk film. Denne oppgaven setter fokus på hvilke forutsetninger norsk film har for å satse på kunstnerisk kvalitet i lys av «den nye filmpolitikken». Dette undersøkes ved å se på filmkonsulentens rolle ved Norsk filminstitutt og gjennom en analyse av filmkritikker av konsulentvurdert film i 2010

Implications of Cyber Security to Safety Approval in Railway

The railway domain has a justifiable preoccupation with safety, but less of a focus on cyber security. This could result in the risk of cyber security flaws in current railway systems being unacceptably high. However, in recent years the railway industry has realized the importance of cyber security, and the possible effects cyber security could have on safety functions, necessitating these aspects to also be considered as part of the safety approval. This trend can be seen from the fact that later updates of the railway standards from CENELEC to a larger degree include cyber security. This is also a consequence of the increasing digitalisation trend in the railway sector, as elsewhere in society (e.g., the ERTMS national implementation project in Norway). This paper presents findings from a brief literature study on how railway systems are vulnerable to cyber security threats and discusses how cyber security issues are covered by current railway legislation. Challenges related to the handling of cyber security threats as part of the railway approval processes is then elaborated. The fact that cyber security threats change faster than the pure safety threats must be taken into account. The problem is viewed from an independent safety assessor's point of view. Some major findings of the study are elaborated, and conclusions on how to deal with cyber security as part of the railway approval process are outlined with pros and cons.acceptedVersio

Implications of Cyber Security to Safety Approval in Railway

The railway domain has a justifiable preoccupation with safety, but less of a focus on cyber security. This could result in the risk of cyber security flaws in current railway systems being unacceptably high. However, in recent years the railway industry has realized the importance of cyber security, and the possible effects cyber security could have on safety functions, necessitating these aspects to also be considered as part of the safety approval. This trend can be seen from the fact that later updates of the railway standards from CENELEC to a larger degree include cyber security. This is also a consequence of the increasing digitalisation trend in the railway sector, as elsewhere in society (e.g., the ERTMS national implementation project in Norway). This paper presents findings from a brief literature study on how railway systems are vulnerable to cyber security threats and discusses how cyber security issues are covered by current railway legislation. Challenges related to the handling of cyber security threats as part of the railway approval processes is then elaborated. The fact that cyber security threats change faster than the pure safety threats must be taken into account. The problem is viewed from an independent safety assessor's point of view. Some major findings of the study are elaborated, and conclusions on how to deal with cyber security as part of the railway approval process are outlined with pros and cons.acceptedVersio

Design of, and Learning from Simulator-based Contingency Training in Aquaculture

Contingency training in sea-based aquaculture becomes an increasingly important part of the emergency preparedness. Like other industries, this is especially related to new technologies being introduced to support critical emergency preparedness functions, as well as communication technology and new ways of interaction between involved parties in crisis situations. Simulators adapted to the relevant physical environments are useful approaches for contingency training as part of the emergency preparedness. Such means makes it possible to practice for activities and decisions in realistic emergency preparedness situations that are difficult to carry out in a real physical environment. There exist simulator centres in Norway adapted for training in both normal operations and emergency situations. These centres are mostly aimed at the maritime industry but have not so far covered the specific needs seen in the aquaculture industry when it comes to emergency preparedness. This paper documents the process and knowledge gained by taking part in the planning work with industrial partners leading up to a contingency exercise, observing its execution-, and the evaluation afterwards. By carrying out this pilot of a simulator-based contingency exercise, the industry partners in collaboration with research partners will achieve a basis for further testing, evaluation, and development of contingency training fitted for the needs in the aquaculture industry.publishedVersio