Thermal high pressure hydrogenolysis II. The thermal high pressure hydrocracking of fluorene

The thermal hydrocracking of fluorene was investigated in the temperature range of 400 to 480 °C and hydrogen pressures of up to 375 atm. As main reaction products were found 2-methylbiphenyl, biphenyl, toluene and benzene. They account for about 90% of the converted fluorene. Only very low concentrations of diphenylmethane were detected at the highest temperature. This indicates that the opening of the phenyl - CH2 bond in fluorene is much faster than the splitting of the phenyl - phenyl bond. The splitting of the phenyl - phenyl bond in biphenyl, however, proceeded with a rate equal to the splitting of the phenyl - CH2 bond in fluorene and the phenyl - CH3 bond in 2-methylbiphenyl

Mechanism of hydroformylation, part II : Study of the formation of hydrocobalttetracarbonyl by the reaction of Co2(CO)8 and H2

The kinetics and the position of the equilibrium of the reaction Co2(CO)8+H2⇄2 HCo(CO)4 were studied in the range of 80–160 °C and 50–100 atm. by means of in situ IR spectroscopy.\ud \ud The reaction is reversible first order with respect to CO2(CO)8 and HCo(CO)4 and the energies of activation of the forward and the reverse reaction are found to be 17,3 cal/mole, and 11.0 kcal/mole resp.\ud \ud The reaction is slightly endothermic with ΔH=6.6 kcal/mole and ΔS=14.6 e.u. The heat of formation of HCo(CO)4 and the bond strength between hydrogen and cobalt in HCo(CO)4 were found to be—146.1 kcal/mole and 54.7 kcal/mole resp

The Use of the Hungarian Language in Public Administration: The Case of Minorities in Hungary’s Neighbouring Countries

Studies indicate that the use of the minority mother tongue in dealings with administrative authorities plays a key role in preserving it and endows it with a higher status than its teaching in school. The use of the minority language on the local and regional level is the best indicator of whether minority language rights are implemented in a country. The lack of public administration personnel who speak minority languages and official forms in minority languages pose great difficulties in implementing language rights. The guarantee of the right to be educated in the mother tongue and use it in public helps ensure the cultural reproduction and survival of the community.Studies indicate that the use of the minority mother tongue in dealings with administrative authorities plays a key role in preserving it and endows it with a higher status than its teaching in school. The use of the minority language on the local and regional level is the best indicator of whether minority language rights are implemented in a country. The lack of public administration personnel who speak minority languages and official forms in minority languages pose great difficulties in implementing language rights. The guarantee of the right to be educated in the mother tongue and use it in public helps ensure the cultural reproduction and survival of the community

Romania - Polity Contestation and the Resilience of Mainstream Parties

ERC POLCON project funded

Concepts of Citizenship in Eastern and Western Europe

The classical meaning of citizenship evokes a nation-state with a well-defined territory for its nationals, where national identity and sovereignty play a key role. Global developments are challenging the traditional nation-state and open a new stage in the history of citizenship. Transnational citizenship involving dual and multiple citizenships has become more and more accepted in Europe. Numerous scholars envisaged a post-national development where the nation-state no longer plays a key role. While scholarly research tended to focus on developments in Western Europe, a dynamic development also took place in Eastern Europe following the collapse of communism. Dual citizenship was introduced in most Eastern European countries, but its purpose was to strengthen the nation by giving the ethnic kin abroad citizenship and non-resident voting rights. In Western Europe, the right of migrants to citizenship has been expanded throughout the years in the hope that this would result in their better integration into society. Eastern Europe and Western Europe operate with different concepts of citizenship because of their diverging historical traditions and current concerns. The concept of nation and who belong to the national community play a key role in the type of citizenship that they advocate