EL ESTUDIO DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD EN LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA BIOLOGÍA EN SECUNDARIA BÁSICA

The article offers a historical analysis of the biological diversity content in the teaching of Biology in the Intermediate level, which is useful for teachers and students in the formation of the Natural Sciences studies and for the performance of the teaching labour.El artículo ofrece un análisis histórico del contenido biodiversidad en la enseñanza de la Biología en Secundaria Básica, el cual le es útil a los docentes y estudiantes en formación de las carreras pedagógicas del área de Ciencias Naturales para al desempeñar su labor docente

FUNDAMENTOS TEÓRICOS DE LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL COMO PARTE DE LA CULTURA AMBIENTAL

The present article is the result of the experience and the scientific and researching work carried out by the staff of authors as a part of the project “Impact of the Pedagogical Universalization in Pilon Municipality”. Its aim is to contribute to the methodological and scientific preparation of educators, students and other professional people, from a review of the environmental education as a platform of the environmental culture. To make possible the shaping of an appropriate theoretical device that gets to the point of these elements it is necessary to analyze some of its foundations.  El presente artículo es el resultado de la experiencia y el trabajo científico investigativo realizado por los autores como parte del proyecto “Impacto de la Universalización Pedagógica en el municipio Pilón”. Se pretende con él contribuir a la preparación científico-metodológica de educadores, estudiantes y otros profesionales, a partir de una sistematización del proceso de Educación Ambiental. Para posibilitar la conformación de un soporte teórico apropiado, concretando dichos elementos, se hace necesario analizar algunos de sus fundamentos

Evaluación del sistema de transporte urbano y su incidencia en la movilidad de personas con capacidades especiales de la ciudad de Santo Domingo

El presente trabajo de investigación titulado “Evaluación del sistema de transporte urbano y su incidencia en la movilidad de personas con capacidades especiales de la ciudad de Santo Domingo”, tiene como objetivo diagnosticar la situación actual y evaluar los componentes del sistema de transporte público urbano y determinar cómo inciden estos elementos en la calidad del servicio brindado a las personas con discapacidad. La investigación se realizó mediante la aplicación de encuestas tanto a los usuarios en general como a los usuarios con discapacidad. También se utilizaron fichas de observación para: paradas, calzada, señalética horizontal y vertical. Además, un modelo de Check List para identificar las características técnicas de diseño en los buses, así como entrevistas aplicadas a las autoridades de la EPMT-SD y gerentes de las operadoras de transporte, los datos recopilados se evaluaron acorde a normas técnicas para establecer así sus porcentajes de cumplimiento. Se determinó que el sistema de transporte público urbano está ofertado por cinco operadoras, distribuidas en 42 rutas, posee 843 paradas de las cuales 12 son inclusivas localizadas dentro del circuito anillo vial, la flota vehicular asciende a 381 buses de los cuales 18 son inclusivos, la red vial que usa el transporte público es de 679,18 km con un ancho promedio de 9,01 m por carril, la EPMT-SD se encarga de la gestión del transporte. En cuanto a las personas con discapacidad se concluye que, el acceso a las paradas no está adecuados a sus necesidades, la pendiente longitudinal en las paradas inclusivas no es la adecuada y requiere un alto esfuerzo físico para su uso, los buses no brindan facilidades para su libre acceso, lo que resulta en no hacer uso del transporte público y se use el taxi al identificarlo como más cómodo, rápido e inclusive la atención al usuario es mejor, por lo que se recomienda considerar a esta investigación como punto de partida para determinar estrategias que promuevan la inclusión de los grupos vulnerables.The present research work entitled "Evaluation of the urban transport system and its impact on the mobility of people with special abilities in Santo Domingo city", aims to diagnose the current situation and evaluate the components of the urban public transport system and determine how these elements affect the quality of the service provided to people with disabilities. The research was carried out by applying surveys to both general users and users with disabilities. Observation sheets were also used for stops, roadways, horizontal and vertical signs. Besides, a model of Check List to identify the technical characteristics of design in the buses, as well as interviews applied to the authorities of the EPMT-SD and managers of the transport operators, the data collected was evaluated according to technical standards to establish their percentages of compliance. It was determined that the urban public transport system is offered by five operators, distributed in 42 routes, has 843 stops of which 12 are inclusive located within the road ring circuit, the vehicle fleet amounts to 381 buses of which 18 are inclusive, the road network that uses public transport is 679.18 km with an average width of 9.01 m per lane, the EPMT-SD is responsible for transport management. Regarding people with disabilities, it is concluded that the access to the stops is not adequate to their needs, the longitudinal slope in the inclusive stops is not adequate and it requires a high physical effort for its use, the buses do not provide facilities for their free access, which results in not using public transportation and the taxi is used when it is identified as more comfortable, faster and even the attention to the user is better, so it is recommended to consider this research as a starting point to determine strategies that promote the inclusion of vulnerable groups

El problema conceptual metodológico y el docente metodológico. Aproximación a sus rasgos distintivos (Original)

The present article is the result of the theoretic systematization of the basis that support the determination of conceptual and teaching methodological problems, there is a synthesis of the contribution of some researchers that have studied the theme, as well as part of the accumulated experience by the authors in direction of the methodological work, in the guidance and advising of methodological studio, instructive methodological  lessons and the tutorship of teaching materials as a way of the ending of academic studies of post-grades. In the research, there were used different methods to concrete basic ideas around the knowledge´s construction. The results show that there are features that distinguish a kind of problem from the other one.El presente artículo es resultado de la sistematización teórica de los fundamentos que sostienen la determinación de problemas conceptuales metodológicos y docentes metodológicos, en él se sintetiza el aporte de varios investigadores que han incursionado en el tema, así mismo de una parte de la experiencia acumulada por los autores en la dirección del trabajo metodológico, en la conducción y asesoría de talleres metodológicos, clases metodológicas instructivas y la tutoría de materiales docentes como formas de culminación de estudios académicos de postgrados. En la investigación se emplearon diferentes métodos para concretar ideas básicas en torno a la construcción del conocimiento. Los resultados muestran que existen rasgos que distinguen un tipo de problema del otro

Propiedades biológicas de los selladores de conductos radiculares a base de siliconas

Introducción. La elección de un cemento endodóntico contribuye en gran medida al éxito a largo plazo del tratamiento de conductos, este debe cumplir con ciertas características físicas, químicas y biológicas. Es importante la evaluación de la biocompatibilidad y citotoxicidad debido al estrecho contacto con los tejidos perirradiculares. Se abordan las propiedades biológicas que deben cumplir los selladores endodónticos a base de siliconas. Material y métodos. Se realizó una recopilación en PubMed de publicaciones de los últimos 10 años con las siguientes palabras clave: “biocompatibility” AND “silicone based sealer”; “cytotoxicity” AND “silicone based sealer”. Se incluyeron aquellos artículos cuya metodología abarcara el estudio del comportamiento biológico de cementos a base de siliconas. Hipótesis. Los cementos selladores a base de siliconas son biocompatibles y tienen baja citotoxicidad. Resultados. Los cementos selladores a base de siliconas se han comparado con cementos comerciales a base de resinas, de hidróxido de calcio, óxido de zinc y eugenol, de ionómero, entre otros. Para la determinación del comportamiento biológico de los cementos endodónticos se utilizan pruebas in vitro en donde las células se exponen a eluidos del cemento y pruebas in vivo por medio de implante subcutáneo en modelos murinos. Para el caso del estudio in vitro evalúa el porcentaje de viabilidad celular principalmente, además de estudios complementarios. Para las pruebas in vivo se evalúan variables como la reacción inflamatoria, infiltrado de macrófagos, espesor de la cápsula fibrosa, cambios vasculares, condensación de fibras de colágeno, formación de abscesos, entre otras. Conclusiones Los selladores a base de siliconas presentan baja citotoxicidad y biocompatibilidad aceptables

Defining Natural History: Assessment of the Ability of College Students to Aid in Characterizing Clinical Progression of Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C

Niemann-Pick Disease, type C (NPC) is a fatal, neurodegenerative, lysosomal storage disorder. It is a rare disease with broad phenotypic spectrum and variable age of onset. These issues make it difficult to develop a universally accepted clinical outcome measure to assess urgently needed therapies. To this end, clinical investigators have defined emerging, disease severity scales. The average time from initial symptom to diagnosis is approximately 4 years. Further, some patients may not travel to specialized clinical centers even after diagnosis. We were therefore interested in investigating whether appropriately trained, community-based assessment of patient records could assist in defining disease progression using clinical severity scores. In this study we evolved a secure, step wise process to show that pre-existing medical records may be correctly assessed by non-clinical practitioners trained to quantify disease progression. Sixty-four undergraduate students at the University of Notre Dame were expertly trained in clinical disease assessment and recognition of major and minor symptoms of NPC. Seven clinical records, randomly selected from a total of thirty seven used to establish a leading clinical severity scale, were correctly assessed to show expected characteristics of linear disease progression. Student assessment of two new records donated by NPC families to our study also revealed linear progression of disease, but both showed accelerated disease progression, relative to the current severity scale, especially at the later stages. Together, these data suggest that college students may be trained in assessment of patient records, and thus provide insight into the natural history of a disease

An international clinical study of ability and disability in ADHD using the WHO-ICF framework

This is the fourth and final study designed to develop International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF, and children and youth version, ICF-CY) core sets for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To investigate aspects of functioning and environment of individuals with ADHD as documented by the ICF-CY in clinical practice settings. An international cross-sectional multi-centre study was applied, involving nine units from eight countries: Denmark, Germany, India, Italy, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sweden and Taiwan. Clinicians and clinical researchers rated the functioning level of 112 children, adolescents and adults with ADHD using the extended ICF-CY checklist version 2.1a. The ratings were based on a variety of information sources, such as medical records, medical history, clinical observations, clinical questionnaires, psychometric tests and structured interviews with participants and family members. In total, 113 ICF-CY categories were identified, of which 50 were related to the activities and participation, 33 to environmental factors and 30 to body functions. The clinical study also yielded strengths related to ADHD, which included temperament and personality functions and recreation and leisure. The study findings endorse the complex nature of ADHD, as evidenced by the many functional and contextual domains impacted in ADHD. ICF-CY based tools can serve as foundation for capturing various functional profiles and environmental facilitators and barriers. The international nature of the ICF-CY makes it possible to develop user-friendly tools that can be applied globally and in multiple settings, ranging from clinical services and policy-making to education and research

Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Epilepsy is one of the most common serious neurological disorders and affects individuals of all ages across the globe. The aim of this study is to provide estimates of the epilepsy burden on the global, regional, and national levels for 1990–2021. Methods: Using well established Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) methodology, we quantified the prevalence of active idiopathic (epilepsy of genetic or unknown origin) and secondary epilepsy (epilepsy due to an underlying abnormality of the brain structure or chemistry), as well as incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age, sex, and location (globally, 21 GBD regions and seven super-regions, World Bank country income levels, Socio-demographic Index [SDI], and 204 countries) and their trends from 1990 to 2021. Vital registrations and verbal autopsies provided information about deaths, and data on the prevalence and severity of epilepsy, largely came from population representative surveys. All estimates were calculated with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings: In 2021, there were 51·7 million (95% UI 44·9–58·9) people with epilepsy (idiopathic and secondary combined) globally, with an age-standardised prevalence of 658 per 100 000 (569–748). Idiopathic epilepsy had an age-standardised prevalence of 307 per 100 000 (235–389) globally, with 24·2 million (18·5–30·7) prevalent cases, and secondary epilepsy had a global age-standardised prevalence of 350 per 100 000 (322–380). In 2021, 0·7% of the population had active epilepsy (0·3% attributed to idiopathic epilepsy and 0·4% to secondary epilepsy), and the age-standardised global prevalence of epilepsy from idiopathic and secondary epilepsy combined increased from 1990 to 2021 by 10·8% (1·1–21·3), mainly due to corresponding changes in secondary epilepsy. However, age-standardised death and DALY rates of idiopathic epilepsy reduced from 1990 to 2021 (decline of 15·8% [8·8–22·8] and 14·5% [4·2–24·2], respectively). There were three-fold to four-fold geographical differences in the burden of active idiopathic epilepsy, with the bulk of the burden residing in low-income to middle-income countries: 82·1% (81·1–83·4) of incident, 80·4% prevalent (79·7–82·7), 84·7% (83·7–85·1) fatal epilepsy, and 87·9% (86·2–89·2) epilepsy DALYs. Interpretation: Although the global trends in idiopathic epilepsy deaths and DALY rates have improved in the preceding decades, in 2021 there were almost 52 million people with active epilepsy (24 million from idiopathic epilepsy and 28 million from secondary epilepsy), with the bulk of the burden (>80%) residing in low-income to middle-income countries. Better treatment and prevention of epilepsy are required, along with further research on risk factors of idiopathic epilepsy, good-quality long-term epilepsy surveillance studies, and exploration of the possible effect of stigma and cultural differences in seeking medical attention for epilepsy. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundatio

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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