Les rôles respectifs de l'État et du citoyen

At first glance, national sovereignty and the respect of Human Rights seem, since the first is unachievable without detriment to the second, irréconciliable. When a country binds itself through an international agreement to respect Human Rights it may still violate these accords with impunity by hiding behind the sacred principle of non-interference, a precept often invoked by other countries to justify their passivity. For the author, this pessimistic view does not, however, take into consideration the fact that evolution in the safeguards to human rights has only come about with the consent of sovereign nations. There are few countries in the world today who flagrantly disregard Human Rights without feeling the need to justify themselves. It may now be said that there is a beginning of virtue in the reality of international relations. There may certainly exist conflict between the exercice of sovereignty and the respect of Human Rights, but in democratic countries, this does not constitute an absolute paradox. It is the responsibility of the people governed to make good their rights by exerting the necessary pressure on their government when it does not have a tendency to liberalize its policies. This is because, in the end, Human Rights do not belong to the State but to the people

Stemmer, P., Platons Dialektik. Die frühen und mittleren Dialoge.

Sin resume

"Ceremony", feast and power during the reigns of Juan II and Enrique IV of Castile: textile art as a sign of prestige, in the light of Chronicles

Este artículo plantea el modo en que las fuentes cronísticas nos ayudan a dilucidar la relevancia del tejido de ornamentación en los actos ceremoniales y festivos de índole cívica, como símbolo de ostentación, indisolublemente ligado a los resortes de autolegitimación y propaganda de la monarquía y la nobleza castellanas durante los reinados de Juan II y Enrique IV. Para ello, repasaremos las circunstancias políticas y sociales que obligaron a estos dos estamentos a reforzar su imagen pública. Asimismo, analizaremos la notoriedad que alcanzaron sus fiestas y ceremonias en el espacio urbano, para, finalmente, reconocer la presencia del textil como elemento de boato en este tipo de episodios.This paper deals with the importance of chronicles in the process of elucidating the relevance of ornamental textiles in ceremonial and festive acts of civic nature. Moreover, in these cases we can appreciate that ornamental textiles turned into a symbol of ostentation related to the self-legitimation and propaganda mechanisms of Castilian monarchy and nobility right through the reigns of Juan II and Enrique IV. In order to achieve this aim, we will review the political and social circumstances that forced these two estates to strengthen their public image. On top of that, we are going to analyse the notoriety attained by their feast and ceremonies in the urban area, as well as to identify the presence of textile as an element of pageantry in this sort of episodes

Tolerancia y libertad

Solemne Acto Académico y de Clausura.[ES] Para poder entender de una forma realista el fenómeno terrorista de E.T.A. debemos comenzar por analizar la raíz del problema y la naturaleza del conflicto. Partiendo de esta idea se realizan una serie de reflexiones sobre el significado de la tolerancia en el País Vasco, en relación al problema de la violencia terrorista, aludiendo, asimismo, a los elementos que propiciaron la aparición de este fenómeno, las circunstancias que le rodean y el camino a recorrer para erradicarlo.[EU] E.T.A.ren fenomeno terrorista modu errealista batean ulertu ahal izateko, arazoaren muina eta gatazkaren sustraia aztertu behar ditugu. Ideia honetan oinarrituz, Euskal Herrian tolerantzia hitzak dituen esanahi desberdinei buruzko gogoeta egiten da terrorismoaren indarkeriaren inguruan, beti ere ahaztu gabe fenomeno honen sorrera eragin zuten elementuak, inguratzen duten inguruabarrak eta desagertarazteko bete behar den bidea[FR] Pour arriver à comprendre d’une façon réaliste le phénomène terroriste de E.T.A. on doit commencer par l’analyse de l’origine du problème et la nature du conflit. En partant de cette idée, on mène quelques réflexions sur le sens de la tolérance au Pays Basque par rapport au problème de la violence terroriste, en se référant, de même, aux éléments qui ont favorisé l’apparition de ce phénomène, les circonstances qui l’entourent et le chemin qu’il faut parcourir pour atteindre son éradication.[EN] Right to understand E.T.A.’s terrorism, we must analyse in the first place the problem’s root and the conflict’s nature. Some thinkings about tolerance’s signification in Bask Country are exposed, reporting it to terrorism’s violence and to elements that propitiated this phenomenon, its circumstances and the way to procurate its eradication

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTS) as a Tool for Intercultural Education. A collaborative experience in secondary education in Tlapa de Comonfort, Guerrero, Mexico

This paper discusses the collaborative experience of creating educational materials for a secondary school in Tlapa de Comonfort, Guerrero, México. In this school, students from Nahuatl, Tun savi, Me'phaa and Spanish speaking communities live and learn together. The intercultural context provides challenges for science education that we sought to address. The use of collaborative technologies in science classes has made visible the cultural diversity in the classroom, helping students and teachers recognize themselves as active agents in the construction of common knowledge and in sharing their\ud knowledge. This experience also shows the importance of ICTs as technologies of expression that reinforce individual and collective identity in intercultural contexts