Regional Practice Variation and Outcomes in the Standard Versus Accelerated Initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (STARRT-AKI) Trial: A Post Hoc Secondary Analysis

OBJECTIVES: Among patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI) admitted to the ICU in high-income countries, regional practice variations for fluid balance (FB) management, timing, and choice of renal replacement therapy (RRT) modality may be significant. DESIGN: Secondary post hoc analysis of the STandard vs. Accelerated initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (STARRT-AKI) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02568722). SETTING: One hundred-fifty-three ICUs in 13 countries. PATIENTS: Altogether 2693 critically ill patients with AKI, of whom 994 were North American, 1143 European, and 556 from Australia and New Zealand (ANZ). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Total mean FB to a maximum of 14 days was +7199 mL in North America, +5641 mL in Europe, and +2211 mL in ANZ (p < 0.001). The median time to RRT initiation among patients allocated to the standard strategy was longest in Europe compared with North America and ANZ (p < 0.001; p < 0.001). Continuous RRT was the initial RRT modality in 60.8% of patients in North America and 56.8% of patients in Europe, compared with 96.4% of patients in ANZ (p < 0.001). After adjustment for predefined baseline characteristics, compared with North American and European patients, those in ANZ were more likely to survive to ICU (p < 0.001) and hospital discharge (p < 0.001) and to 90 days (for ANZ vs. Europe: risk difference [RD], -11.3%; 95% CI, -17.7% to -4.8%; p < 0.001 and for ANZ vs. North America: RD, -10.3%; 95% CI, -17.5% to -3.1%; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Among STARRT-AKI trial centers, significant regional practice variation exists regarding FB, timing of initiation of RRT, and initial use of continuous RRT. After adjustment, such practice variation was associated with lower ICU and hospital stay and 90-day mortality among ANZ patients compared with other regions

CREDIT EVALUATIONS OF COMPANIES WITH ALTMAN MODEL

Analiza in načrtovanje finančnega stanja, kot tudi samega poslovanja sta za vsako podjetje bistvenega pomena. Podjetja pridobijo oceno svojega poslovanja z raznimi metodami in računalniškimi programi. Nekatere metode ocenjevanja so zanesljivejše, vendar cenovno nedostopne, medtem ko so nekatere cenovno ugodnejše, vendar manj zanesljive. Podjetniki si v finančni krizi prizadevajo zmanjšati stroške in iščejo čimbolj ugodne rešitve. V diplomski nalogi bomo predstavili zanesljivost bonitetnega ocenjevana družb s pomočjo Altmanovega modela, ki se je od leta 1968, ko je bil razvit, dopolnjeval in razvijal. Predstavili bomo bonitetno oceno in zakaj je za podjetja bistvenega pomena. Praktično bomo podrobneje predstavili uporabo Altmanovega modela na šestih realnih podjetjih in preizkusili njegovo zanesljivost s pomočjo Excelove razpredelnice, v katero bomo vnesli podatke njihovih poslovanj iz preteklih let.Analysis and design of financial position as well as the business operations of any enterprise is essential. Companies obtain an estimate of its operations through various methods and computer programs. Some assessment methods are more reliable, but unaffordable, while some are cheaper but less reliable. Entrepreneurs in a financial crisis continiue to reduce costs as much as possible and seek effective solutions. We present the credit evaluation of companies with Altman model, which has been since 1968 further complemented and developed. We will present the credit rating and why it is so essential for businesses. We will also present a practical application of Altman model on six companies and test its reliability by using the Excel tables containing data about their operations from previous years

Further education and training of preschool teachers

Začetno izobraževanje strokovnih delavk vrtca ni končno in zadostno, saj se od njih zahteva vedno več znanja ter sposobnosti, zato se morajo nenehno izobraževati in poglabljati kakovost lastnega znanja in usposobljenosti za vzgojno delo. Pomembno je, da strokovne delavke vrtca razvijajo svojo profesionalno identiteto in uresničujejo svoje potrebe pri nadaljnjem izobraževanju in usposabljanju. Nadaljnje izobraževanje in usposabljanje strokovnih delavk je izjemno pomembno predvsem zaradi zagotavljanja kakovostnega vzgojnega procesa v vrtcu. V prvem delu magistrskega dela smo opredelili začetno in nadaljnje izobraževanje strokovnih delavk vrtca. Obravnavali smo cilje nadaljnjega izobraževanja in usposabljanja na področju vzgoje in izobraževanja, opisali programe nadaljnjega izobraževanja in usposabljanja ter izpostavili profesionalni razvoj kot njegov pomemben dejavnik. Obravnavali smo tudi vpliv nadaljnjega izobraževanja in usposabljanja strokovnih delavk na kakovost vzgojnega procesa v vrtcu. V drugem delu magistrskega dela smo predstavili rezultate empirične raziskave, ki smo jo opravili na področju celotne Slovenije med vzgojiteljicami in njihovimi pomočnicami ter jih interpretirali. Analizirali smo razlike v mnenjih strokovnih delavk vrtca, ki zadevajo nadaljnje izobraževanje in usposabljanja ter profesionalni razvoj. Ugotovili smo, da obstajajo statistično pomembne razlike v mnenjih strokovnih delavk vrtca, ki zadevajo potrebe po nadaljnjem izobraževanju in usposabljanju, razloge za udeležbo v programih nadaljnjega izobraževanja in usposabljanja, vpliv vsebin nadaljnjega izobraževanja in usposabljanja na njihov profesionalni razvoj ter razlike v mnenjih glede vsebin, ki bi morale biti razpisane v Katalogu programov nadaljnjega izobraževanja in usposabljanja strokovnih delavk v vzgoji in izobraževanju in bi bile aktualne za vzgojno delo v vrtcu. Statistično pomembne razlike v mnenjih strokovnih delavk vrtca obstajajo tudi glede dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na njihov profesionalni razvoj ter glede refleksije dela.The initial education of preschool teachers is not conclusive and sufficient. They are required to acquire more and more knowledge and skills and therefore they need to continuously educate and deepen the quality of their own knowledge and skills for their educational work. It is important for preschool teachers to develop their professional identity and to fulfil their needs about further education and training. Further education and training of preschool teachers is also extremely important in order to ensure a quality educational process in kindergarten. In the first part of the master´s thesis, we defined the initial and further education of preschool teachers. We discussed about the goals of further education and training, described the programs that further education and training offers and highlighted professional development as an important factor of further education and training. We also discussed about the impact of further education and training of preschool teachers on the quality of the kindergartens educational process. In the second part of the master´s thesis, we presented and interpreted the results of an empirical research we did in Slovenia between preschool teachers and their assistants. We analysed the differences in opinions of preschool teachers and their assistants about further education and training and professional development. We found statistically significant differences in the opinions of preschool teachers and their assistants regarding to the need for further education and training, the reasons for participating in further education and training programs, the impact of further education and training content on their professional development, and on content that should be offered in the Catalogue of further education and training programs and would be relevant for kindergarten work. Statistically significant differences are also in the opinion of preschool teachers and their assistants regarding the factors that influence their professional development and reflections of their work

The influence of wood characteristics onto production of firewood using Kolenc woodsplitter and circular saw Krpan

Namen diplomske naloge je bil ugotoviti ali premer in napake lesa vplivajo na učinkovitost proizvodnje in porabo goriva. Meritve za izdelavo diplomskega dela so potekale na zasebni posesti na Brezjah pri Tržiču. Ugotovljen je bil vpliv grč in premera bukovih sortimentov na produktivnost ter porabo goriva pri proizvodnji drv. Na podlagi popisa napak lesa so bili sortimenti razvrščeni v skupine. Pet sortimentov je imelo premere približno 50 cm, petnajst sortimentov pa približno 20 cm. Z ustreznim standardom so bili sortimenti razvrščeni v kakovostne razrede. Izmerjena je bila poraba goriva pri traktorjih in motorni žagi. Narejena je bila časovna študija proizvodnje drv in kalkulacija stroškov uporabljenih strojev. S statističnimi metodami je bila dokazana različna učinkovitost proizvodnje med tanjšimi in debelejšimi sortimenti. Pri operaciji cepljenje je bila učinkovitost proizvodnje tanjših sortimentov za 1 m3/h višja za kot pri debelejših sortimentih. Pri prežagovanju debelejših sortimentov z motorno žago je bila učinkovitost višja za 7,8 m3/h v primerjavi z tanjšimi. Grče prav tako vplivajo na učinkovitost proizvodnje drv. Učinkovitost proizvodnje pri sortimentih z grčami nad 40mm je bila na ravni cikla nižja za 0,27 m3/h in pri operaciji cepljenje za 1,41 m3/h v primerjavi z sortimenti brez grč. Povprečna poraba goriva motorne žage je znašala 104 ml/m3, maziva pa 23 ml/m3. Pri tanjših sortimentih je bila ugotovljena višja poraba goriva po enoti proizvoda (za 33 ml/m3), pri sortimentih z grčami pa za 40 ml/m3. Cena dela je v povprečju znašala 17,99 €/m3, pri drobnejših sortimentih 15,59 €/m3, pri debelejših pa 18,91 €/m3.The purpose of the research was to determine whether the diameter and defects of wood affect the efficiency of production and fuel consumption. Measurements for the preparation of the bachelor’s thesis were performed on the private property at Brezje pri Tržiču. The influence of knots and diameter of beech assortments was ascertained on productivity and the consumption of fuel in the production of firewood. The assortments were classified into groups on the basis of the list of errors. Five assortments were approximately 50 cm in diameter. Fifteen assortments were approximately 20 cm in diameter. The assortments were classified to quality classes by means of the appropriate standard. The consumption of fuel was measured in tractors and circular saws. A time study of firewood production and a cost calculation of the used machines were made. Various efficiencies of the production between thinner and thicker assortiments were proved by means of statistical methods. In the case of the operation splitting, the efficiency of the production of thinner assortments was 1 m3/h higher as in the case of thicker assortiments. In circular saw sawing of thicker assortiments the efficiency was higher for 7.8 m3/h in comparison to the thinner assortiments. Knots also influence the efficiency of firewood production. The efficiency of the production from the assortiments with knots over 40 mm was 0.27 m3/h lower on the level of the cycle, and, in the operation splitting, 1.41 m3/h in comparison to the assortiments without knots. The average consumption of fuel of the circular amounted to 104 ml/m3. The average consumption of lubricant was 23 ml/m3. The consumption of fuel per unit of the product was ascertained higher (for 33 ml/m3) in thinner assortments. The consumption of fuel per unit of the product was ascertained for 40 ml/m3 higher in assortments with knots. The price of labor was on average 17.99 €/m3. The price of labor was 15.59 €/m3 in thinner assortments. The price of labor was 18.91 €/m3 in thicker assortments

DEVELOPMENT OF MARKETING MEDICAL-THERAPEUTIC DEVICES IN COMPANY ŠPANOVINA D.O.O.

Dandanes je za podjetja prvotnega pomena prisotnost na trgu, na katerem z različnimi idejami in aktivnostmi poizkušajo pridobiti čim večji marketinški delež. Podjetja morajo najprej preučiti trg, spoznati navade potrošnikov in posledično določiti ciljno skupino, kateri bodo ponujali izdelek. Izbrati morajo tudi načine marketinškega komuniciranja, preko katerih bodo seznanjala potrošnike o izdelkih, obveščala o akcijskih cenah in prodajala izdelke. Ves opisani proces spada pod pojem marketing, katerega glavni cilj ni prodaja izdelkov temveč izdelek že pred prodajo narediti zanimiv in se bo prodajal »sam«. Rdeča nit diplomske naloge je opis marketinga, podrobno bomo spoznali marketinško komuniciranje in neposredno prodajo. Vso teorijo bomo v zaključnem delu preverili v praksi in si pogledali primer marketinga medicinsko-terapevtskih pripomočkov podjetja Španovina d.o.o. Na temo neposredne prodaje v državi Sloveniji bomo opravili raziskavo in podrobno analizirali dobljene rezultate.Nowadays, the most important thing for every company is its presence at the market, in which they are trying to reach market share, as large as possible, by using different ideas and providing different actions. At first, the firm has to research the market, to learn about customers habits and to determinate the target group, and, by that, to decide to whom they are going to offer their product. They also have to choose the ways of marketing communication, through which they will inform the customers about the products, sale prices and through which they are going to sell products. The whole described process belongs to the concept of marketing, whose main goal is not sale of the product. The main objective of this thesis is the description of marketing. We are going to learn about marketing communication and direct sale in details. In the last part, the whole theory will be concluded with an example from practice of marketing of the medical-therapeutic aids in Spanovina L.L.C. On the subject of direct sale in the republic of Slovenia, we will make a research and a detailed analysis of the results