Pengaruh Waktu Pemeraman Terhadap Kekuatan Paving Block Pasca Pembakaran Menggunakan Material Tanah Dan Kapur Untuk Jalan Lingkungan

Infrastructure rapid development sometimes had negative impact, such as the use of impermeable pavement layers which result the infiltration be hampered. By utilizing the paving block, it can resolve o f infrastuture development problem. Known, paving block is composition of building materials that made from the mixture of portland cement or hydraulic adhesives, water, and agrregates with or without the other ingridient as defined in SNI 03-0691-19996. To find the other alternatives then will do the assesment with the limestone and soil. Soil samples were tested from Desa Karang Anyar, South Lampung. The composition of mixture was used 6 %, 8 % and 10 %, with curing time during 7, 14 and 28 days, and the treatment with or without combustion and then paving block were tested with compressive strength and water absorption. The research results obtained by the characteristics of the soil is a clay samples. The average value of compressive strength was linearly proportional to the amount of lime composition. The compressive strength during 28 days of curring time and without combustion was from 32,96 kg/cm2 to 10,87 kg/cm2, then the compressive strength with combustion was from 16,99 kg/cm2 to 56,91 kg/cm. Water absorption test value was inversely proportional to the amount of lime composition. The water absorption was from 10,07% to 15,07%. The compressive strength resulting over all still not include the specifications of paving block in SK - SNI 03-1996, also for the compressive strength was 85 kg/cm2. The value of water absorption test were not include the specifications of paving block SK SNI - 03 - 0691-1996 which ranges from 3 % - 10 %

A murine model of ulcerative colitis: induced with sinusitis-derived superantigen and food allergen

BACKGROUND: The etiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) is to be understood. The basic pathological feature of UC is intestinal chronic inflammation. Superantigen, such as Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), is reported to compromise intestinal barrier function by increasing epithelial permeability and initiate inflammation in the intestinal mucosa. Inasmuch as anatomic position of the sinus, chronic sinusitis-derived SEB may follow the secretion and to be swallowed down to the gastrointestinal tract and induce lesions to the intestinal mucosa. METHODS: Sinus wash fluid (SWF, containing SEB) was collected from a group of patients with both chronic sinusitis (CS) and UC. A group of mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) in the presence of SWF. The sensitized mice were challenged with the specific antigen OVA. The inflammatory status of the colonic tissue was determined with histology, serology and electron microscopy. Using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a tracer, another group of mice was stimulated with SWF for 2 hours. The HRP activity was detected in the colonic tissue with enzymatic approaches and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Epithelial hyperpermeability in colonic epithelium was induced by stimulating with SWF. The HRP activity in the colonic mucosa was almost 11 times more in the SWF treated group (3.2 ± 0.6 μg/g tissue) than the control group (0.3 ± 0.1 μg/g tissue). Mice were sensitized using a mixture of SWF and OVA (serum OVA-specific IgE was detected with a highest titer as 1:64). Challenge with OVA induced extensive inflammation in the colonic mucosa by showing (1) marked degranulation in mast cells (MC, 46.3 ± 4.5%) and eosinophils (Eo, 55.7 ± 4.2%); (2) inflammatory cell infiltration (MC = 145.2 ± 11.4; Eo = 215.8 ± 12.5; mononuclear cell = 258.4 ± 15.3/mm(2 )tissue); (3) increased MPO activity (12.9 ± 3.2 U/g tissue) and inflammatory scores (1.8 ± 0.3); (4) mucosal surface ulcers; (5) edema in the lamina propria; (6) bacterial translocation and abscess formation in the subepithelial region. CONCLUSION: Introducing Sinusitis-derived SEB-containing SWF to the gastrointestinal tract compromised colonic mucosal barrier function increasing epithelial permeability to luminal macromolecular protein in mice. The SWF facilitated colonic mucosal sensitization to luminal antigen. Multiple challenging the sensitized colonic mucosa with specific antigen OVA induced inflammation, induced a condition similar to human ulcerative colitis