Understanding new venture market application search processes: A propositional model.

Technology-based ventures are confronted with complex decisions on how to apply their technology platform in highly uncertain and ambiguous market environments. Based on four case studies, a dynamic decision model is developed in which we highlight the similarities between the search and learning processes in venture development contexts and in new product development contexts. This entrepreneurial search and learning process is understood as consisting of sequences of episodes – characterized by uncertainty and ambiguity - and scripts – i.e. approaches to market application search. The model implies that a venture's adaptability - i.e. its ability to move efficiently and effectively between these episodes and their related scripts - influences its survival.Case studies; Decision; Decisions; Learning; Market; Model; Processes; Product; Product development; Research; Sequences; Similarity; Studies; Technology; Uncertainty;

Adaptation and survival in new businesses: Understanding the moderating effects of (in)dependence and industry.

New ventures as well as new business units experience significant difficulties in finding a viable market application or business model. They often need to adapt their initial business model and this need for adaptation is mainly due to high degrees of uncertainty and ambiguity they are confronted with. This paper hypothesizes that adaptation is crucial for new ventures' and new business units' survival, but that differences exist between the need for adaptation in business units of established companies versus in independent start-ups. According to insights obtained from institutional isomorphism as well as from the resource-based theory of the firm, the effects of adaptation on survival are complex and multifaceted. We test the adaptation-survival hypothesis through a survival analysis of a sample of 117 new ventures and new business units. We find that the main effect of adaptation on survival is negative, but that this effect is moderated and even reversed by the (in) dependence of the new business and by the industry in which it is active.Innovation; Research; Model; Companies; Performance; Startups; Processes; Factors; Effects; Industry; Market; Uncertainty; Theory; Dependence;

Cationic Group 3 Alkyl Complexes with Isopropyl-Substituted Triazacyclononane-amide Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Thermal Decomposition Processes

Yttrium and lanthanum dialkyl complexes with the isopropyl-substituted triazacyclononane-amide monoanionic ligands [iPr2TACN-(B)-NtBu] (B = (CH2)2, L1; SiMe2, L2) are described. For Y, these were obtained by reaction of Y(CH2SiMe3)2(THF)2 with HL, whereas for La in situ peralkylation of LaBr3(THF)4 preceded reaction with HL. In C6D5Br solvent, reaction of LMR2 with [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] results in rapid decomposition involving loss of propene from the ligand. This decomposition is prevented (Y) or retarded (La) in THF solvent. For yttrium, salts of the cations [LYR(THF)]+ were isolated and structurally characterized. ES-MS of these cations revealed facile desolvation. At increased nozzle voltages, fragmentation is observed with initial loss of SiMe4, followed by loss of propene. Thus decomposition is likely to involve initial cyclometalation of a ligand iPr group, followed by propene extrusion. Decomposition of [L2LaR(THF)x]+ in THF solution yields the dinuclear dication {[tBuN(Me2Si)N(C2H4)2N(C2H4)NiPr]2La2(THF)2}2+, which was structurally characterized. Kinetic data of the decomposition suggest that the process involves initial THF dissociation.

Entrepreneurial adaptation: Insights from existing literature and possibilities for new research.

Recent research shows that new ventures have great difficulties in defining a viable business model from the outset and that minor or major adaptations to this initial business model are needed as the venture evolves. Entrepreneurial adaptation or the entrepreneur's willingness and ability to make appropriate adjustments to the business concept become critical. If adaptation is so important for entrepreneurial companies, we need to ask ourselves a number of questions. (1) What causes this need for adaptation? (2a) What is the precise effect of adaptation on a start-up's performance or survival and (2b) is this effect similar for all start-ups? Also, (3) what do we know about the process of adaptation? And (4) what are factors enabling this adaptation process? Finally, we also need to determine (5) how the concept of adaptation in entrepreneurial companies is related to existing concepts of change and adaptation. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of different literature streams that are specifically relevant to entrepreneurial adaptation and the questions listed above, and to point out gaps in the existing literature requiring further investigation. We look at whether and how the existing literature can provide insight into each of those five questions. In a final section, we point out directions for further research.Innovation; Research; Model; Companies; Performance; Startups; Processes; Factors;

New ventures on the search for viable business models: Taking into account levels of uncertainty / ambiguity.

There exists evidence that most initial selections of business models by new ventures have to be adapted later on and that minor this need for adaptation stems from the high degrees of uncertainty and ambiguity new ventures are confronted with, both on the technology and the market level. The main research question of this paper is whether different levels of uncertainty and ambiguity have an effect on the appropriateness of different search strategies new ventures can use to adapt their business model; and if yes, what this effect is. We first present the relevant literature. We then put forward a simulation model - based on the model developed by Kauffman (1989, 1993) - as a formal basis for addressing our research question and analyze the simulation results. To conclude, these results are discussed in the light of existing research on entrepreneurship and innovation and some limitations of our research methodology are presented.Innovation; Market; Model; Models; Research; Selection; Simulation; Strategy; Technology; Uncertainty;

On General Axial Gauges for QCD

General Axial Gauges within a perturbative approach to QCD are plagued by 'spurious' propagator singularities. Their regularisation has to face major conceptual and technical problems. We show that this obstacle is naturally absent within a Wilsonian or 'Exact' Renormalisation Group approach and explain why this is so. The axial gauge turns out to be a fixed point under the flow, and the universal 1-loop running of the gauge coupling is computed.Comment: 4 pages, latex, talk presented by DFL at QCD'98, Montpellier, July 2-8, 1998; to be published in Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.

Coronal magnetic field measurement using loop oscillations observed by Hinode/EIS

We report the first spectroscopic detection of a kink MHD oscillation of a solar coronal structure by the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on the Japanese Hinode satellite. The detected oscillation has an amplitude of 1 kms−1 in the Doppler shift of the FeXII 195 Å spectral line (1.3 MK), and a period of 296 s. The unique combination of EIS’s spectroscopic and imaging abilities enables us to measure simultaneously the mass density and length of the oscillating loop. This enables us to measure directly the magnitude of the local magnetic field, the fundamental coronal plasma parameter, as 39 ± 8 G, with unprecedented accuracy. This proof of concept makes EIS an exclusive instrument for the full scale implementation of the MHD coronal seismological technique

Pusat Pendidikan Dan Pengembangan Anak Autis Di Manado ‘Implementasi Metode Lovaas Terhadap Ruang Dalam Arsitektur'

Anak merupakan generasi penerus bangsa yang, memiliki anak yang sehat tanpa kekurangan merupakan impian setiap pasangan, Namun tidak semua anak terlahir dengan sempurna tetapi ada juga anak yang lahir tidak sempurna yang terkadang sulit di terima oleh orang tua dan lingkungan sekitar, salah satu contohnya adalah anak Autis. Di Manado Autisme sudah sangat dikenal oleh masyarakat luas, tapi masih banyak juga yang belum mengetahui bahwa kelainan ini bisa disembuhkan, itu dibuktikan dengan masih kurangnya sekolah atau yayasan yang menangani / melakukan proses terapi penyembuhan kepada anak – anak autis. Menghadirkan suatu bangunan / fasilitas yang dapat mewadahi kegiatan pendidikan serta mengembangkan potensi dan prilaku anak autis serta menjadi tempat untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai autisme bagi masyarakat luas. Menyediakan wadah yang bisa menampung aktivitas – aktivitas yang berhubungan dengan anak autis itu sendiri, sehingga anak autis dapat berkembang dan dapat diterima oleh masyarakat. Dalam rancangan objek “Pusat Pendidikan Dan Pengembangan Anak Autis Di Manado” ini menggunakan tema “implementasi metode Lovaas terhadap ruang dalam arsitektur”, dimana metode Lovaas merupakan metode yang sering dilakukan para terapis/guru untuk penyembuhan / terapis bagi anak – anak autis dan anak – anak yang berprilaku khusus lainnya, yang kemudian dituangkan dalam perancangan ruang dalam serta sirkulasi dalam bangunan, sehingga arsitektur dapat berperan dalam proses penyembuhan anak autis