Standardization of 18F by Digital β(LS)-γ Coincidence Counting

The nuclide 18F disintegrates to 18O by beta+ emission (96.86%) and electron capture (3.14%) with a half-life of 1.8288 h. It is widely used in nuclear medicine for positron emission tomography (PET). Because of its short half-life this nuclide requires the development of fast measuring methods to be standardized. The combination of LSC methods with digital techniques proves to be a good alternative to get low uncertainties for this, and other, short lived nuclides. A radioactive solution of 18F has been standardized by coincidence counting with a LSC, using the logical sum of double coincidences in a TDCR array and a NaI scintillation detector. The results show good consistency with other techniques like 4Pi-gamma and LSC.Fil: Rodrigues, D.. Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Gerencia de Area de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia D/aplicaciones y Tec de Radioisotopos; ArgentinaFil: Balpardo, C.. Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Gerencia de Area de Aplicaciones de la Tecnología Nuclear. Gerencia D/aplicaciones y Tec de Radioisotopos; ArgentinaFil: Cassete, P.. Aboratoire National Henri Becquerel; FranciaFil: Arenillas P.. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Ezeiza; ArgentinaFil: Capoulat, Maria Eugenia. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Ezeiza; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ceruti, G.. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Ezeiza; ArgentinaFil: García-Toraño Andrés, Eduardo. Centro de Investigación Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnología; España. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Tax Mimicking in the Short- and the Long-Run: Evidence from German Reunification

This paper uses the quasi-experiment of Germany's reunification to identify local tax mimicking by municipalities in Eastern-Germany. After reunification, East-German municipalities were allowed to independently set, for the first time in decades, local business and property tax rates. I explore whether the tax rates chosen by East-German border municipalities were influenced by the tax rates of adjacent West-German municipalities. To obtain causal estimates, I rely on instrumental variables regressions within the spatial lag framework, using West-German border municipalities' tax rates in 1989 as instruments for their post-reunification tax rates. The results suggest that East-German municipalities mimicked business tax rates immediately after reunification, but not in later years. I find no evidence of mimicking for property taxes. These results indicate that mimicking is not an important determinant of local tax policy