Impact of Ocean Acidification on Marker Enzymes in Asian Seabass Lates Calcarifer (Bloch)

Backgrounds: The influence of ocean acidification (OA) is particularly significant on calcifying organisms in marine environment. A possible explanation for acidification-induced changes in fish behaviour is that acidification interferes with marker enzymes in the liver, muscle and brain. Under a range of severe environmental circumstances, marine organisms can be susceptible to oxidative stress and results in the changes in the biochemical components which can be assessed to know the health status of organisms. Aim of the Works: The aim of this study is to observe the impact of ocean acidification in Asian seabass Lates calcarifer and to employ a large number of biomarker to discover distinct and unique patterns. For this the fingerlings of L. calcarifer were exposed to OA, in order to understand the changes in marker enzymes in liver, muscle and brain of L. calcarifer. Methodology: Fish fingerlings were exposed to OA condition with two different pH (7.8 and 7.5) for a period of 9 weeks in order to assess changes in biomarker. Acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase activity (AST) were examined in the liver, brain and muscles of fish. Results: The Liver has considerably higher in ACP and ALP enzymes after 3 weeks of OA exposure. AST and ALT marker enzymes were induced in the brain at greater levels and in most cases, the entire marker enzymes in the liver, muscle and brain were concentration dependent and also the exposure period. The observed changes in marker enzymes which detected in the brain and liver tissues of L. calcarifer were statistically significant. Conclusions: The present study showed a significant association between the entire biomarkers tested in fish exposed to OA. Overall, the results indicate that brain and liver is the most vulnerable component to OA exposure when compared to muscles and brain it may be employed as a bioindicator of OA exposure

Ocean Acidification\u27s Effects on the Growth Rate and Haematological Markers of Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer)

Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption in the seas is changing the chemistry of saltwater globally, which has an impact on marine biota. The increasing partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is shoaling the calcium carbonate saturation horizon in a number of regions, particularly high latitudes and those that connect with notable hypoxic zones. Early calcareous skeleton formation in marine organisms, especially fish, is directly impacted by the CO2 chemistry of seawater. Furthermore, CO2 alters the physiology of marine animals by reducing their ability to transfer oxygen and creating an acid-base imbalance. There is not enough study done at relevant pCO2 levels to help us predict future effects on food-web dynamics and other ecological processes. The seabass fingerlings are exposed to various pH levels over a duration of nine weeks. Ocean acidification (OA) levels were measured at pH 7.8, pH 7.5, and pH 8.1, which served as the control. Results revealed that fingerling of seabass had a greater impact on growth rate and haematological markers. The results also revealed that long term effect of OA leads to changes the red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) count, which indirectly affect the other haematological indices. We conclude that there is a tremendous deal of potential for broad alterations to marine ecosystems as a result of OA and the combined effects of other human stressors

Baseline Study on Microplastic Contamination in Commercial Fish from the Vellar Estuary, South India

Microplastic (MP) contamination has emerged as a serious worldwide issue. Human activity, commercial operations, and fishing are all concentrated around the coast, resulting in high levels of fish MPs contamination. This preliminary investigation aims to examine MP accumulation in commercial fish caught in the Vellar estuary region. Fish samples were collected from the estuary, and MPs in the gills and gastrointestinal tracts of three commercial fish species were analyzed for quantity, type, shape, and color using standard laboratory techniques. MPs particles were found in 2.55-4.35 items per individual fish, with an overall average of 3.2 particles in the gills and 5.5 in the gastrointestinal tract. The majority of the MPs were blue and green fibers with a diameter of 0.5-1 mm. Fragmented pieces of MPs and fibers were abundant in the gut. These findings demonstrated the extent of MPs contamination in Vellar estuary fish tissues, serving as a baseline for MPs loading in the estuary. This study has significant implications for food safety, highlighting the dangers of MPs in fisheries and aquaculture. It also identifies knowledge gaps in the long-term effects of MPs, suggesting a need for further research in this sector

The Prevalence of Microplastics in Water and Sediment Collected from Vellar Estuary in South India

A growing global environmental concern, microplastic contamination is a threat to marine environments and may have negative effects on the environment, society, economy, and human health. The current study\u27s goal was to assess the level of microplastic pollution in Tamil Nadu\u27s Vellar Estuary environment. Two sampling sites along the river area were selected to collect sediment and water samples. The types of microplastics were determined and categorized using FTIR, size and the colour. Abundances of microplastics in surface water and sediments were in the ranges of 0–20 items m− 3 and 10–60 items kg− 1 dry weight, respectively. Microplastics were more abundant in the sediment compared to that of surface water collected from the respective station in the Vellar estuary. Most particles (> 50%) were < 1 mm in the longest dimension; 60% were transparent, pale white and black. Of the 4 compositions identified, polyethylene, polypropylene, and Poly amide are predominated in both phases. The assessment of water and sediment samples from the estuarine environment in terms of microplastic contamination was done for the first time in this study. In light of the quantity of microplastics found in sediments, more investigation is needed to determine the quantity of microplastics discharged by wastewater and other potential emission sources, as well as to assess their role in microplastic contamination of water, sediment, and soil. Future research on microplastic contamination in the sediment of rural areas surrounding the Vellar estuary can build on the foundation this study provides

Species Discrimination, Population Structure and Linkage Disequilibrium in Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus tereticornis Using SSR Markers

Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis are closely related species commonly cultivated for pulp wood in many tropical countries including India. Understanding the genetic structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) existing in these species is essential for the improvement of industrially important traits. Our goal was to evaluate the use of simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci for species discrimination, population structure and LD analysis in these species. Investigations were carried out with the most common alleles in 93 accessions belonging to these two species using 62 SSR markers through cross amplification. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.44 to 0.93 and 0.36 to 0.93 in E. camaldulensis and E. tereticornis respectively. A clear delineation between the two species was evident based on the analysis of population structure and species-specific alleles. Significant genotypic LD was found in E. camaldulensis, wherein out of 135 significant pairs, 17 pairs showed r2≥0.1. Similarly, in E. tereticornis, out of 136 significant pairs, 18 pairs showed r2≥0.1. The extent of LD decayed rapidly showing the significance of association analyses in eucalypts with higher resolution markers. The availability of whole genome sequence for E. grandis and the synteny and co-linearity in the genome of eucalypts, will allow genome-wide genotyping using microsatellites or single nucleotide polymorphims

Multiparametric Optimization on Influence of Ethanol and Biodiesel Blends on Nanocoated Engine by Full Factorial Design

Energy conservation and management have become critical industrial activities, since energy expenses account for a significant portion of production costs. This proactive strategy has had an effect on worldwide energy consumption trends. Integration of thermal barrier coatings into engine design is necessary to solve efficiency concerns, and this coating technology has the potential to increase engine power while lowering specific fuel consumption. In a similar line, biodiesel has been presented as a possible substitute to diesel since it is nontoxic and sourced from renewable energy sources. The present study aims to enhance the performance of a diesel engine via the use of a thermal barrier-coated piston that works on biodiesel mixes. Due to its outstanding thermal insulation qualities, yttria-stabilized zirconia is the preferred material for thermal barrier coatings. Brake thermal efficiency for B20E15 is about 4% better than diesel and for B20E05 and B20E15 is about 4.6% and 13.5% less fuel consumption. CO and HC emissions were reduced by 6% to 8% on average with the B20 blends. Biodiesel blends were compared to pure diesel in terms of performance and emissions, and the blend ratio was improved using a design of experiment tool.</jats:p