Kajian Implementasi Aturan Trading In Influence dalam Hukum Nasional

Modus dan operandi kejahatan korupsi selalu berganti secara cepat. Laju Perubahan Perundang-undangan selalu terlambat beberapa langkah di belakang kejahatan itu sendiri. Alhasil, banyak perbuatan yang sejatinya jahat namum tidak bisa dijerat dengan proses hukum karena ketiadaan regulasi yang memadai untuk menjerat pelaku tersebut. Salah satunya ada perdagangan pengaruh atau trading in influence. Jika berkaca kepada kasus-kasus korupsi yang ditangani oleh KPK dalam kurun lima tahun belakangan ini menunjukkan fenomena elit partai yang bekerja sebagai “pengepul” modal politik untuk partai. Jumlah yang dikumpulkan dan ditarget tidak main-main. Berbagai sumber seperti APBN, APBD hingga swasta dijadikan target modal politik. Di lain sisi, tidak jarang pula orang-orang yang berada di lingkungan kekuasaan namun bukan menjadi seorang Penyelenggara Negara memanfaatkan kedekatannya dengan kekuasaan. Kedekatannya tersebut digunakan untuk mengendalikan proyek-proyek pemerintahan. Sehingga ia memperoleh sejumlah fee dari pengurusan proyek-proyek itu sendiri. Kalaulah mereka yang melakukan hal tersebut adalah penyelenggara Negara menurut ketentuan UU No 28 Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan Negara Yang Bebas KKN, maka mereka akan bisa dijerat dengan UU Korupsi. Namun menjadi masalah ketika mereka tersebut bukanlah penyelenggara Negara sebagaimana diatur dalam UU di atas. Maka UU Tindak pidana korupsi tidak bisa digunakan untuk menjerat pelakukan perdagangan pengaruh. Kelemahan ini karena Indonesia belum mengadopsi ketentuan perdagangan pengaruh sebagaimana yang diatur dalam pasal 18 United Nation Convention Against Corruption. Hal ini menjadi celah bagi khususnya non Penyelenggara Negara untuk mempegunakan pengaruhnya untuk memperoleh keuntungan materi atau keuntungan yang tidak semestinya (undue advantage). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengakaji pengaturan trading in influencedalam UNCAC dan perbandingannya dengan beberapa Negara, menunjukkan urgensi keberadaan aturan trading in influence dalam hukum pidana nasional dan memformulasikan delik perdagangan pengaruh sebagai rekomedasi dalam revisi UU Tindak Pidana Korupsi

Simulasi Pola Medan Elektromagnet Pada Pandu Gelombang Persegi Dengan Dua Parameter

Telah dilakukan visualisasi pola medan elektromagnetik 4 moda terendah pada pandu gelombang persegi untuk moda berorde tinggi, yaitu moda TE00, TE01, TE10 dan TE11. Konstanta propagasi sebagai salah satu parameter yang digunakan untuk mengkarakter moda gelombang optik diformulasikan secara semi analitik. Hal ini dikarenakan formulasi konstanta propagasi efektif moda gelombang tidak dapat diturunkan secara eksak. Beberapa bagian dipecahkan menggunakan penyelesaian analitik, sedangkan beberapa bagian diselesaikan melalui analisa numerik secara komputasional dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Matlab. Analisis karakter pola medan dilakukan dengan menggunakan prinsip Variasional fungsi trial polinom Hypergeometri, sedangkan profil indeks bias berbentuk secant hyperbolik. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan berbagai orde moda menunjukkan kesesuaian terhadap metode indeks efektif dan mampu mendeskripsikan pola medan

Pengembangan Inverter Fuzzy Logic Control Untuk Pengendalian Motor Induksi Sebagai Penggerak Mobil Listrik Dengan Metoda Vector Kontrol

The development of Inverter Fuzzy Logic Control for Induction Motor Control by Vector Control Method in Electric Vehicle. In response to concerns about energy cost, energy dependence, and environmental damage, a rekindling of interest in electric vehicles (EV’s) has been obvious. Thus, the development of power electronics technology for EV’s will take an accelerated pace to fulfill the market needs, regarding with the problem in this paper is presented development of fuzzy logic inverter in induction motor control for electric vehicle propulsion. The Fuzzy logic inverter is developed in this system to directed toward developing an improved propulsion system for electric vehicles applications, the fuzzy logic controller is used for switching process. This paper is describes the design concepts, configuration, controller for inverter fuzzy logic and drive system is developed for this high-performance electric vehicle

Utilisation of sexual health services by female sex workers in Nepal

Background The Nepal Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) in 2006 showed that more than half (56%) of the women with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, in Nepal sought sexual health services. There is no such data for female sex workers (FSWs) and the limited studies on this group suggest they do not even use routine health services. This study explores FSWs use of sexual health services and the factors associated with their use and non-use of services. Methods This study aimed to explore the factors associated with utilisation of sexual health services by FSWs in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal, and it used a mixed-method approach consisting of an interviewer administered questionnaire-based survey and in-depth interviews. Results The questionnaire survey, completed with 425 FSWs, showed that 90% FSWs self-reported sickness, and (30.8%) reported symptoms of STIs. A quarter (25%) of those reporting STIs had never visited any health facilities especially for sexual health services preferring to use non-governmental clinics (72%), private clinics (50%), hospital (27%) and health centres (13%). Multiple regression analysis showed that separated, married and street- based FSWs were more likely to seek health services from the clinics or hospitals. In- depth interviews with 15 FSWs revealed that FSWs perceived that personal, structural and socio-cultural barriers, such as inappropriate clinic opening hours, discrimination, the judgemental attitude of the service providers, lack of confidentiality, fear of public exposure, and higher fees for the services as barriers to their access and utilisation of sexual health services. Conclusion FSWs have limited access to information and to health services, and operate under personal, structural and socio-cultural constraints. The ‘education’ to change individual behaviour, health worker and community perceptions, as well as the training of the health workers, is necessary

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with IL-6 levels and monocyte activation in HIV-infected persons

Immune activation plays a key role in HIV pathogenesis. Markers of inflammation have been associated with vitamin D deficiency in the general population. Studies have also demonstrated associations of vitamin D deficiency with increased risk of HIV progression and death. The relationship between persistent inflammation and immune activation during chronic HIV infection and vitamin D deficiency remains unclear.Cryopreserved specimens were analyzed from 663 participants at the time of enrollment from the Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV/AIDS in the Era of Effective Therapy (SUN Study) from 2004 to 2006. Biomarkers of inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coagulation were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and electrochemiluminescence. 25(OH)D, the stable precursor form of vitamin D, was measured using a radioimmunoassay with levels defined as: normal (≥30ng/mL), insufficient (20-29 ng/mL) and deficient (<20 ng/mL). Monocyte phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. Linear and logistic regression models were used to determine statistical associations between biomarkers and vitamin D deficiency.25(OH)D levels were deficient in 251 (38%) participants, insufficient in 222 (34%), and normal in 190 (29%). Patients with vitamin D deficiency, when compared to those with insufficient or normal vitamin D levels, had increased levels of IL-6 (23%; p<0.01), TNF-α (21%, p = 0.03), D-dimer (24%, p = 0.01), higher proportions of CD14dimCD16+ (22%, p<0.01) and CX3CR1+ monocytes (48%; p<0.001) and decreased frequency of CCR2+ monocytes (-3.4%, p<0.001). In fully adjusted models, vitamin D associations with abnormal biomarker levels persisted for IL-6 levels and CX3CR1+ and CCR2+ phenotypes.Vitamin D deficiency is associated with greater inflammation and activated monocyte phenotypes. The role of vitamin D deficiency in persistent immune activation and associated complications during chronic HIV disease should be further evaluated as a possible target for intervention

Importance of Health and Social Care Research into Gender and Sexual Minority Populations in Nepal

Despite progressive legislative developments and increased visibility of sexual and gender minority populations in the general population, mass media often report that this population face a wide range of discrimination and inequalities. LGBT (lesbian, gay, and bisexual, and transgender) populations have not been considered as priority research populations in Nepal. Research in other geographical settings has shown an increased risk of poor mental health, violence, and suicide and higher rates of smoking, as well as alcohol and drugs use among LGBT populations. They are also risk for lifestyle-related illness such as cancer, diabetes, and heart diseases. Currently, in Nepal, there is a lack of understanding of health and well-being, social exclusion, stigma, and discrimination as experienced by these populations. Good-quality public health research can help design and implement targeted interventions to the sexual and gender minority populations of Nepal

Utilisation of Postnatal Care among Rural Women in Nepal

Background: Postnatal care is uncommon in Nepal, and where it is available the quality is often poor. Adequate utilisation of postnatal care can help reduce mortality and morbidity among mothers and their babies. Therefore, our study assessed the utilisation of postnatal care at a rural community level. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in two neighbouring villages in early 2006. A total of 150 women who had delivered in the previous 24 months were asked to participate in the study using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: The proportion of women who had received postnatal care after delivery was low (34%). Less than one in five women (19%) received care within 48 hours of giving birth. Women in one village had less access to postnatal care than women in the neighbouring one. Lack of awareness was the main barrier to the utilisation of postnatal care. The woman's own occupation and ethnicity, the number of pregnancies and children and the husband's socio-economic status, occupation and education were significantly associated with the utilisation of postnatal care. Multivariate analysis showed that wealth as reflected in occupation and having attended antenatal are important factors associated with the uptake of postnatal care. In addition, women experiencing health problems appear strongly motivated to seek postnatal care. Conclusion: The postnatal care has a low uptake and is often regarded as inadequate in Nepal. This is an important message to both service providers and health-policy makers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess the actual quality of postnatal care provided. Also there appears to be a need for awareness-raising programmes highlighting the availability of current postnatal care where this is of sufficient quality