Induction plasma calcining of pigment particles for thermal control coatings

Induction plasma calcining of pigment particles for thermal control coatings on space vehicle

Privatization of irrigation schemes in New Zealand

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Plasma calcining of pigment particles for thermal control coatings

Method utilizes an RF excited plasma to surface deactivate thermally stable powders at high temperatures. Utilization of this plasma heat treatment at high temperatures can be carried out without grain growth, calcination, or agglomeration

Ionospheric E-region Irregularities Produced by Non-linear Coupling of Unstable Plasma Waves

Ionospheric E region irregularities produced by nonlinear coupling of unstable plasma wave

Calibration of pressure-dependent sensitivity and discrimination in Nier-type noble gas ion sources

The efficiency of many noble gas mass spectrometers to ionize gas species is known to be a function of the pressure of gas in the spectrometer. This work shows how the half plate voltage for maximum He or Ar signal depends on the spectrometer pressure and shows that the half plate voltage for maximum 4He sensitivity does not coincide with the half plate voltage for maximum 3He sensitivity. In addition, half plate voltage has a greater control on sensitivity at higher spectrometer pressures. Variations in He and Ar sensitivity and isotopic discrimination as a function of pressure are due, at least in part, to these variations in the position of maximum sensitivity with respect to half plate voltage. The maximum sensitivity settings shift to lower half plate voltage at high spectrometer pressures, irrespective of if the pressure increase is due to the gas being investigated or a different species. Therefore noble gas mass spectrometers should always be tuned at the maximum possible pressure; measurements at higher pressures should be avoided. Significant errors in the spectrometer sensitivity and discrimination can result from improper tuning and calibration of noble gas mass spectrometers

Relic Radiation from an Evaporating Black Hole

We present a non-string-theoretic calculation of the microcanonical entropy of relic integer-spin Hawking radiation -- at fixed total energy $E$. The only conserved macroscopic quantity is the total energy $E$ (the total energy of the relic radiation). Data for a boundary-value approach, with massless, integer-spin perturbations, are set on initial and final space-like hypersurfaces. In the resulting 1-dimensional statistical-mechanics problem, the real part of the (complex) time separation at spatial infinity, $T = {\mid}T{\mid}\exp(-i\delta), \delta >0$, is the variable conjugate to the total energy. We count the number of weak-field configurations on the final space-like hypersurface with energy $E$. One recovers the Cardy formula and the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, if Re(T) is of the order of the black-hole life- time, leading to a statistical interpretation of black-hole entropy. The microcanonical entropy includes a logarithmic correction to the black-hole area law, which is {\it universal} (independent of black-hole parameters). Here, the discreteness of the energy levels is crucial. This approach is compared with that of string theory for the transition to the fundamental-string r\'egime in the final stages of evaporation. The squared coupling, $g^2$, regulating the transition to a highly-excited string state and {\it vice versa}, can be related to the angle, $\delta$, of complex-time rotation above. The strong-coupling r\'egime corresponds to a Euclidean black hole, while the physical limit of a Lorentzian space-time (as $\delta \to 0_+$) corresponds to the weak-coupling r\'egime. This resembles the transition to a highly-excited string-like state which subsequently decays into massless particles, thereby avoiding the naked singularity.Comment: To appear in International Journal of Modern Physics