COMPARISON OF SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE TO DECIDUOUS TEETH ENAMEL FOLLOWING PHOSPBORIC ACID AND ND:YAG LASER ETCHING

Introduction. Enamel acid etching prior to repair dental caries and fractures with composites has been quite satisfactory and economic, however, etching on deciduous dentition has shown less effective due to its resistance to acids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate composite bond strength on decidious teeth treated with laser instead of being acid etched.
 Methods. Forty four deciduous molars without any restoration or buccal decay were chased and randomly divided in the four groups of 10. Four other teeth were prepared for SEM observation. Group 1: samples were treated with Nd: YA Glaser (20 pps, 1.6 w). Group 2: samples, treated with Nd: YA Glaser (10 pps, 0.8 w). Group 3: samples acid etched with 37% phosphoric acid. Group 4: samples in this group were taken as control with no treatment on enamel. Shear bond strength of the composite and teeth in all 4 groups were then measured with universal tast machine (Dartec).Data were analysed statistically using ANOVA test.
 Results. The least mean amount of bond strength was related to group 4 (control), which was significantly different from other groups (P < 0.05). The most mean amount was related to group 3 (acid etched) with statistically significant difference from other groups (P < 0.05). Among the samples treated with laser, group 1 has greater amount of mean strength comparing to group 2, however this difference was not significant (P > 0.05).
 Discussion. In order to obtain optimum bond strength for composite restorations, enamel surface should be prepared. Use of Nd: YAG laser for enamel etching under the condition of our study is not recommended on deciduous dentition

Modified Sleeve Anastomosis in Large Muscular Arteries of Sheep

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this investigation was to test a modified telescopic anastomosis in large muscular arteries.Material and methodsThe right carotid arteries in 30 sheep (average weight 57±5.7kg) were transected and anastomosed end to end using two guided sutures and compared with a control group (10 sheeps) using two external sutures (Lauritzen method).ResultsThe mean time to complete the anastomosis (4.5min) and hemostasis (4.3min) in the experimental group was less than the control group (17.3min for anastomosis and 6.4min for hemostasis) (P<0.05). In addition, the total amount of blood loss during the modified anastomosis was significantly lower than Lauritzen method (3.8 versus 8ml). In both experimental and control groups the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 90th day post-operation revealed a continuous smooth layer of endothelial cells covering the anastomotic junction.ConclusionsAnastomosis with two guided sutures is easy and faster to perform and could be applicable to an acutely transected vessel

Influence of Olfaction in Host-Selection Behavior of the Cassava Whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Cassava is a vital food-security crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava crops are, however, severely affected by viral diseases transmitted by members of the whitefly species complexBemisia tabaci. We have here investigated the role of olfaction in host selection behavior of the cassava whiteflyB. tabaciSSA-ESA biotype. Surprisingly, we find that the whiteflies appear to make little use of olfaction to find their favored host. The cassava whitely shows a highly reduced olfactory system, both at the morphological and molecular level. Whitefly antennae possess only 15 sensilla with possible olfactory function, and from the genome we identified just a handful of candidate chemoreceptors, including nine tuning odorant receptors, which would afford the whitefly with one of the smallest olfactomes identified from any insect to date. Behavioral experiments with host and non-host plants, as well as with identified specific volatiles from these sources, suggest that the few input channels present are primarily tuned toward the identification of unwanted features, rather than favored ones, a strategy quite unlike most other insects. The demonstrated repellence effect of specific volatile chemicals produced by certain plants unflavored by whiteflies suggests that intercropping with these plants could be a viable strategy to reduce whitefly infestations in cassava fields.</jats:p

Influence of Olfaction in Host-Selection Behavior of the Cassava Whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Cassava is a vital food-security crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava crops are, however, severely affected by viral diseases transmitted by members of the whitefly species complex Bemisia tabaci. We have here investigated the role of olfaction in host selection behavior of the cassava whitefly B. tabaci SSA-ESA biotype. Surprisingly, we find that the whiteflies appear to make little use of olfaction to find their favored host. The cassava whitely shows a highly reduced olfactory system, both at the morphological and molecular level. Whitefly antennae possess only 15 sensilla with possible olfactory function, and from the genome we identified just a handful of candidate chemoreceptors, including nine tuning odorant receptors, which would afford the whitefly with one of the smallest olfactomes identified from any insect to date. Behavioral experiments with host and non-host plants, as well as with identified specific volatiles from these sources, suggest that the few input channels present are primarily tuned toward the identification of unwanted features, rather than favored ones, a strategy quite unlike most other insects. The demonstrated repellence effect of specific volatile chemicals produced by certain plants unflavored by whiteflies suggests that intercropping with these plants could be a viable strategy to reduce whitefly infestations in cassava fields

Table_3_Influence of Olfaction in Host-Selection Behavior of the Cassava Whitefly Bemisia tabaci.DOCX

Cassava is a vital food-security crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava crops are, however, severely affected by viral diseases transmitted by members of the whitefly species complex Bemisia tabaci. We have here investigated the role of olfaction in host selection behavior of the cassava whitefly B. tabaci SSA-ESA biotype. Surprisingly, we find that the whiteflies appear to make little use of olfaction to find their favored host. The cassava whitely shows a highly reduced olfactory system, both at the morphological and molecular level. Whitefly antennae possess only 15 sensilla with possible olfactory function, and from the genome we identified just a handful of candidate chemoreceptors, including nine tuning odorant receptors, which would afford the whitefly with one of the smallest olfactomes identified from any insect to date. Behavioral experiments with host and non-host plants, as well as with identified specific volatiles from these sources, suggest that the few input channels present are primarily tuned toward the identification of unwanted features, rather than favored ones, a strategy quite unlike most other insects. The demonstrated repellence effect of specific volatile chemicals produced by certain plants unflavored by whiteflies suggests that intercropping with these plants could be a viable strategy to reduce whitefly infestations in cassava fields.</p

Table_4_Influence of Olfaction in Host-Selection Behavior of the Cassava Whitefly Bemisia tabaci.DOCX

Cassava is a vital food-security crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava crops are, however, severely affected by viral diseases transmitted by members of the whitefly species complex Bemisia tabaci. We have here investigated the role of olfaction in host selection behavior of the cassava whitefly B. tabaci SSA-ESA biotype. Surprisingly, we find that the whiteflies appear to make little use of olfaction to find their favored host. The cassava whitely shows a highly reduced olfactory system, both at the morphological and molecular level. Whitefly antennae possess only 15 sensilla with possible olfactory function, and from the genome we identified just a handful of candidate chemoreceptors, including nine tuning odorant receptors, which would afford the whitefly with one of the smallest olfactomes identified from any insect to date. Behavioral experiments with host and non-host plants, as well as with identified specific volatiles from these sources, suggest that the few input channels present are primarily tuned toward the identification of unwanted features, rather than favored ones, a strategy quite unlike most other insects. The demonstrated repellence effect of specific volatile chemicals produced by certain plants unflavored by whiteflies suggests that intercropping with these plants could be a viable strategy to reduce whitefly infestations in cassava fields.</p

Table_1_Influence of Olfaction in Host-Selection Behavior of the Cassava Whitefly Bemisia tabaci.XLSX

Cassava is a vital food-security crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava crops are, however, severely affected by viral diseases transmitted by members of the whitefly species complex Bemisia tabaci. We have here investigated the role of olfaction in host selection behavior of the cassava whitefly B. tabaci SSA-ESA biotype. Surprisingly, we find that the whiteflies appear to make little use of olfaction to find their favored host. The cassava whitely shows a highly reduced olfactory system, both at the morphological and molecular level. Whitefly antennae possess only 15 sensilla with possible olfactory function, and from the genome we identified just a handful of candidate chemoreceptors, including nine tuning odorant receptors, which would afford the whitefly with one of the smallest olfactomes identified from any insect to date. Behavioral experiments with host and non-host plants, as well as with identified specific volatiles from these sources, suggest that the few input channels present are primarily tuned toward the identification of unwanted features, rather than favored ones, a strategy quite unlike most other insects. The demonstrated repellence effect of specific volatile chemicals produced by certain plants unflavored by whiteflies suggests that intercropping with these plants could be a viable strategy to reduce whitefly infestations in cassava fields.</p

Table_2_Influence of Olfaction in Host-Selection Behavior of the Cassava Whitefly Bemisia tabaci.DOCX

Cassava is a vital food-security crop in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava crops are, however, severely affected by viral diseases transmitted by members of the whitefly species complex Bemisia tabaci. We have here investigated the role of olfaction in host selection behavior of the cassava whitefly B. tabaci SSA-ESA biotype. Surprisingly, we find that the whiteflies appear to make little use of olfaction to find their favored host. The cassava whitely shows a highly reduced olfactory system, both at the morphological and molecular level. Whitefly antennae possess only 15 sensilla with possible olfactory function, and from the genome we identified just a handful of candidate chemoreceptors, including nine tuning odorant receptors, which would afford the whitefly with one of the smallest olfactomes identified from any insect to date. Behavioral experiments with host and non-host plants, as well as with identified specific volatiles from these sources, suggest that the few input channels present are primarily tuned toward the identification of unwanted features, rather than favored ones, a strategy quite unlike most other insects. The demonstrated repellence effect of specific volatile chemicals produced by certain plants unflavored by whiteflies suggests that intercropping with these plants could be a viable strategy to reduce whitefly infestations in cassava fields.</p