Evidence and Implications of Zipf’s Law for Integrated Economies

This paper considers the distribution of output and productive factors among members of a fully integrated economy (FIE). We demonstrate that each member’s shares of total output and of total factors will be equal. This implies that growth in shares is random. If output andfactor shares evolve as reflective geometric Brownian motion, then limiting distribution of these shares will exhibit Zipf’s law. Our empirics support Zipf’s law for U.S. states and for E.U. countries. These findings imply that models characterizing growth of members within an FIE should embody a key assumption: growth process of shares is random and homogeneous.growth, economic integration, factor price equalization, Zipf’s law

Factor Mobility and the Distribution of Economic Activity in Integrated Economies: Evidence and Implications

This study examines empirically factor mobility and distribution of economic activity under economic integration, with the result that the benchmark of the equal-share relationship holds strongly for US states and less so for EU countries, but does not hold for Developing Countries or the World. Recent research (Bowen, Munandar and Viaene, 2005) shows that for a country who is a member of a fully integrated economy, its shares of the integrated economy's total output and stocks of productive factors (i.e., physical and human capital) will be equal. They label this result the equal-share relationship. In this paper, we empirically examine for evidence of the equal-share relationship for alternative economic groups (i.e., US states, EU countries, Developing Countries and a World comprising 55 countries). Our findings indicate that the equal-share relationship holds strongly for US states, less so for EU countries, but does not hold for Developing Countries or the World.Distribution of products, economic growth, economic convergence, factor mobility, economic integration, factor mobility and the distribution of economic activity in integrated economies, evidence and implications

Analisis Gaya Bahasa Dan Pesan-Pesan Pada Lirik Lagu Peterpan Dalam Album Bintang Di Surga

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan: (1) gaya bahasa yang terdapat pada lirik lagu Peterpan dalam album Bintang di Surga; (2) gaya bahasa yang paling dominan digunakan pada lirik lagu Peterpan dalam album Bintang di Surga; (3) pesan-pesan yang ingin disampaikan penyair pada lirik lagu Peterpan dalam album Bintang di Surga. Jenis pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa kata-kata yang terdapat pada sepuluh lirik lagu Peterpan dalam album Bintang di Surga. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh dengan mendengarkan dengan seksama lagu Peterpan dalam album Bintang di Surga atau dengan cara mencari lirik lagu tersebut di internet dari situs yang dapat dipercaya. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik baca catat dan kepustakaan. Teori validitas data menggunakan teknik triangulasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan: pada lirik lagu Peterpan dalam Album Bintang di Surga digunakan beberapa gaya bahasa yaitu (a) perbandingan meliputi hiperbol, personifikasi, perumpamaan (simile), dan sinekdoke; (b) perulangan meliputi anafora; (c) pertentangan meliputi antitesis dan oksimoron; (d) penegasan meliputi epifora dan repetisi. Gaya bahasa yang paling dominan dipakai adalah hiperbol sebanyak 20 buah. Pesan-pesan yang ingin disampaikan pengarang lewat lirik lagu Peterpan dalam Album Bintang di Surga adalah (a)“Ada Apa Denganmu” yaitu ketulusan seseorang yang meminta maaf kepada orang lain; (b) “Mungkin Nanti” yaitu pentingnya sebuah kesetiaan menjaga rasa cinta selamanya; (c)“Khayalan Tingkat Tinggi” yaitu khayalan seseorang terhadap orang yang dia suka kepada seseorang namun tak dapat mengungkapkan kepada seseorang; (d)“Di Belakangku” yaitu kecurigaan seorang kekasih terhadap pasangannya yang melakukan suatu hal; (e)“Kukatakan Dengan Indah” yaitu jangan salah mengartikan sikap seseorang; (f)“Dua Dalam Satu Dunia (2DSD)” yaitu rasa sedih yang teramat dalam terhadap suatu hal yang di alami; (g)“Di Atas Normal” yaitu ketulusan seseorang yang mencintai kekasihnya walaupun sudah disakiti tetap saja dia mencarinya walaupun usahanya akan siasia; (h)“Aku” yaitu jangan lupakan jasa seseorang yang telah membimbing kita; (i)“Masa Lalu Tertinggal” yaitu seseorang yang menjalani hidupnya seperti roda yang berputar yang kadang di atas kadang di bawah, kadang senang dan susah; (j)“Bintang di Surga” yaitu pengarang berusaha menyampaikan tentang keangkuhan seseorang semua hal yang dilakukannya sia-sia

Analisis Makna pada Status BBM (Blackberry Messenger) Di Kalangan Remaja: Tinjauan Semantik

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan (1) jenis makna pada status BBM (BlackBerry Messenger) di kalangan remaja dan (2) makna kalimat yang terkandung dalam status BBM (BlackBerry Messenger) di kalangan remaja. Objek penelitian ini adalah status BBM (BlackBerry Messenger) di kalangan remaja, sedangkan subjek penelitian mengenai analisis makna dengan menggunakan tinjauan semantik. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik simak dan catat. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa kalimat pada status BBM di kalangan remaja. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah aplikasi BBM. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan metode padan referensial. Hasil penelitian ini ada 2 yaitu (1) ditemukan 14 jenis makna antara lain, makna sempit (49 bentuk), makna luas (73 bentuk), makna kognitif (157 bentuk), makna konotatif (46 bentuk), makna emotif (90 bentuk), makna referensial (3 bentuk), makna konstruksi (9 bentuk), makna leksikal (490 bentuk), makna gramatikal (49 bentuk), makna idesional (13 bentuk), makna proposisi (2 bentuk), makna pusat (50 bentuk), makna piktorial (4 bentuk), dan makna idiomatik (5 bentuk). (2) Hasil dari menganalisis ungkapan makna pada kalimat status BBM (BlackBerry Messenger) di kalangan remaja tersebut diharapkan dapat memberi pemahaman mengenai isi serta tujuan yang terkandung di dalamnya. Sehingga, tidak terjadi kesalahpahaman dalam mengartikan makna yang ingin disampaikan penulis

Evidence and implications of Zipf's aw for integrated economies

This paper considers the distribution of output and productive factors among members of a fully integrated economy (FIE). We demonstrate that each member's shares of total output and of total factors will be equal. This implies that growth in shares is random. If output and factor shares evolve as reflective geometric Brownian motion, then limiting distribution of these shares will exhibit Zipf's law. Our empirics support Zipf's law for U.S. states and for E.U. countries. These findings imply that models characterizing growth of members within an FIE should embody a key assumption: growth process of shares is random and homogeneous

Correlation Between Biomass Concentration and Extent of Sulphate Reduction in an Acidogenic Reactor

Two stage high rate anaerobic treatment systems comprising of an acidogenic reactor (or equalisation/ buffer tank) followed by a methanogenic reactor are becoming increasingly popular to treat high strength wastewater from industries. In these systems, sulphate present in the wastewater is reduced to sulphide either partially or completely in the acidogenic reactor and completely in the methanogenic reactor. The effect of fermentation products on the extent of sulphate reduction in the acidogenic reactor was investigated in a continuously-fed, well mixed laboratory-scale 3 L fermenter operating at a temperature of 35oC and pH of 6. The feed was based on either glucose or molasses as the carbon source. It was observed that as the carbohydrate concentration in feed was increased sulphate reduction was suppressed. It was confirmed that volatile organic acids like acetic, propionic and butyric acids, hydrogen and residual glucose did not cause inhibition of sulphate reduction. However, biomass concentration correlated negatively with extent of sulphate reduction. This correlation was expressed mathematically and the same expression with the same parameters adequately predicted the effect of biomass concentration on extent of sulphate removal for both steady state and transient data irrespective of glucose or molasses feed. It was seen from the best fit of this expression that a biomass concentration of 3300 mg-COD.L-1 would completely repress sulphate reduction in the acidogenic reactor. Even when sulphate removal was suppressed the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) in the reactor was confirmed through Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation (FISH) visualisation. Moreover, the numbers of SRB seemed to increase with carbohydrate concentration in feed. It was speculated the suppression of sulphate removal might be due to a switch in function of SRB from sulphate reducing to fermentation or acetogenesis

On the Extent of Economic Integration: A Comparison of EU Countries and US States

European economic integration is commonly believed to be incomplete, and that further reforms are needed. In this context, the union of U.S. states is considered the benchmark of complete economic integration and is often the basis for comparison regarding the extent of E.U economic integration. Yet, with low trade barriers and with productive factors at least notionally mobile across E.U. countries, is the belief that U.S. states are more integrated than E.U. member states correct? To address this question, this paper first develops three theoretical predictions about the distribution of output and factors that would arise among members of a fully integrated economic area in which goods, capital and labor are freely mobile and policies are harmonized. These theoretical predictions are then empirically tested using data on the output and factor stocks of 14 E.U. member states and the 51 U.S. states (includes District of Columbia) for the period 1965 to 2000. The empirical results convincingly support each theoretical prediction. Hence, contrary to popular belief, the extent of E.U. economic integration is not statistically different from that among U.S. states

Pengaruh Kepemimpinan dan Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Karyawan di Perusahaan Daerah Tingkat I Bali Sub Unit Sangiang Tahun 2013

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja karyawan, pengaruh kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan, pengaruh kepemimpinan terhadap kepuasan kerja, dan pengaruh kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja karyawan melalui kepuasan kerja.Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah karyawan Perusahan Daerah Tingkat I Bali Sub Unit Sangiang, berjumlah 35 orang.Data dikumpulkan dengan angket dan dokumentasi serta dianalisis menggunakan analisis jalur. Data diolah menggunakan SPSS versi 16,0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa; (1) kepemimpinan berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan nilai thitung = 2,243 > ttabel = 1,697 atau signifikan hitung = 0,000 ttabel = 1,697 atau signifikan hitung = 0,000 ttabel = 1,697 atau signifikan hitung = 0,000 Kata Kunci : kepemimpinan, kepuasan kerja, kinerja karyawan This study aimedto determine the effectof leadershipon employee performance, the effect of job satisfactionon employee performance, the effect ofleadershipon job satisfaction, the effect of leadershipon employee performancethroughjob satisfaction. The population inthis study was35 employees ofthe RegionalCompanyof BaliSubUnitSangiang. Datawas collectedbyquestionnaire anddocumentationanalyzed by using path analysis. Datawas processed by usingSPSSversion16.0.The results study showedthat;(1) leadershipaffect the performanceof employeeswith a value oftaritmhetic =2,243> ttable=1.697orsignificantcount =0,000 t table =1.697orsignificantcount =0,000 ttable=1.697orsignificantcount =0,000 Kata Kunci : kepemimpinan, kepuasan kerja, kinerja karyawan This study aimedto determine the effectof leadershipon employee performance, the effect of job satisfactionon employee performance, the effect ofleadershipon job satisfaction, the effect of leadershipon employee performancethroughjob satisfaction. The population inthis study was35 employees ofthe RegionalCompanyof BaliSubUnitSangiang. Datawas collectedbyquestionnaire anddocumentationanalyzed by using path analysis. Datawas processed by usingSPSSversion16.0.The results study showedthat;(1) leadershipaffect the performanceof employeeswith a value oftaritmhetic =2,243> ttable=1.697orsignificantcount =0,000 t table =1.697orsignificantcount =0,000 ttable=1.697orsignificantcount =0,00