The Influence of Thermal Crosslinking on Solubility of Films Prepared from Collagen Hydrolysate

The presented work describes a method of utilizing collagen hydrolysate obtained through enzymatic hydrolysis of chrome-tanned shavings for preparing biodegradable films. Films were prepared by casting from a solution of collagen hydrolysate with added plasticizer (glycerol) and cross-linking agent (starch dialdehyde). Films thus prepared were subjected to thermal annealing at 60, 70, 80 and 90 oC for 24 hours. Thermal annealing is a mode of physical cross-linking of biodegradable films. The work studied effect of thermal crosslinking on film solubility. Solubility curves are important for applying biodegradable films in industrial practice. Thermal annealing was found to affect the cross-linking degree of prepared film in significant manner, hence, also, its solubility. Results indicate that collagen hydrolysate, following certain modification by plasticizer and cross-linking agent is capable of producing films whose properties may be additionally modified.RESUMEN: El trabajo presentado describe un método para utilizar una solución de un hidrolizado colagénico por hidrólisis enzimática de rebajaduras de cuero al cromo en la preparación de películas biodegradables. Películas fueron preparadas por vaciado desde una solución del hidrolizado colagénico con un plastificante añadido (glicerina) y un agente reticulante (almidón dialdehídico). Las películas así preparadas fueron sometidas a un fraguado térmico de 60, 70, y 90ºC durante 24 horas. Fraguado térmico es un método de reticulación de películas biodegradables. El trabajo estudió el efecto del fraguado térmico sobre la propiedad de solubilidad de la película. Curvas de solubilidad son importantes en las prácticas de aplicación industrial de películas biodegradables. El fraguado térmico, se encontró que afecta en forma significante el grado de reticulación de las películas así preparadas, luego entonces, su solubilidad. Resultados indican que el hidrolizado de colágeno, con consiguientes modificaciones por plastificante y agente reticulante, es capaz de producir películas cuyas propiedades pueden ser adicionalmente modificadas

‘No memory, no desire’: psychoanalysis in Brazil during repressive times

Until recently, the growth and significance of Brazilian psychoanalysis has been neglected in histories of psychoanalysis. Not only is this history long and rich in its professional and cultural dimensions, but there was an especially important ‘event’ – the so-called ‘Cabernite-Lobo affair’ – that took place during the period of the military dictatorship, which can be seen as dramatising some of the issues concerning the erasure of memory in psychoanalysis, especially in connection with political difficulties. In this paper, we provide an outline of the origins and dissemination of psychoanalysis in Brazil before looking again at the Cabernite-Lobo affair in order to examine in a situated way how psychoanalysis engages with political extremism, and particularly to explore the consequences of an unthinking generalisation of the idea of ‘neutrality’ from the consulting room to the institutional setting. We draw especially on Brazilian papers in Portuguese, which have not been accessible in the English-language psychoanalytic literature

An Internal Ribosome Entry Site Directs Translation of the 39-Gene from Pelargonium Flower Break Virus Genomic RNA: Implications for Infectivity

[EN] Pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV, genus Carmovirus) has a single-stranded positive-sense genomic RNA (gRNA) which contains five ORFs. The two 59-proximal ORFs encode the replicases, two internal ORFs encode movement proteins, and the 39-proximal ORF encodes a polypeptide (p37) which plays a dual role as capsid protein and as suppressor of RNA silencing. Like other members of family Tombusviridae, carmoviruses express ORFs that are not 59-proximal from subgenomic RNAs. However, in one case, corresponding to Hisbiscus chlorotic ringspot virus, it has been reported that the 39-proximal gene can be translated from the gRNA through an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Here we show that PFBV also holds an IRES that mediates production of p37 from the gRNA, raising the question of whether this translation strategy may be conserved in the genus. The PFBV IRES was functional both in vitro and in vivo and either in the viral context or when inserted into synthetic bicistronic constructs. Through deletion and mutagenesis studies we have found that the IRES is contained within a 80 nt segment and have identified some structural traits that influence IRES function. Interestingly, mutations that diminish IRES activity strongly reduced the infectivity of the virus while the progress of the infection was favoured by mutations potentiating such activity. These results support the biological significance of the IRES-driven p37 translation and suggest that production of the silencing suppressor from the gRNA might allow the virus to early counteract the defence response of the host, thus facilitating pathogen multiplication and spread.This research was supported by grants BFU2006-11230 and BFU2009-11699 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN) and by grants ACOM/2006/210 and ACOMP/2009/040 (to CH) and GVPRE/2008/121 (to OF-M) from the Generalitat Valenciana. The latter was the recipient of an I3P postdoctoral contract from the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and an additional contract from MICINN. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Fernandez Miragall, O.; Hernandez Fort, C. (2011). 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Bioconversion of waste sheep wool to microbial peptone by Bacillus licheniformis

Peptones are among the most expensive culture components used in the cultivation of microorganisms. This study was performed to prepare a protein hydrolysate from sheep wool using a locally isolated keratinolytic bacterium Bacillus licheniformis EY2 (GenBank: MN809476), and to investigate the usability of the prepared hydrolysate as a peptone in a microbial medium. The optimum pH, temperature, and incubation time for wool hydrolysis and keratinolytic activity were determined as 7.0, 55 degrees C, and 6 days, respectively. Optimum concentrations of KH(2)PO4, MgSO4, and NaCl were determined as 1.5, 0.5, and 2 g/L, respectively. After the prepared hydrolysate was partially purified, it was converted to wool peptone (WP). The total protein, ash, carbohydrate, and lipid content of WP was found to be 82.7, 7.2, 0.1, and 0.2 g/100 g, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of WP confirmed the formation of sulfoxide bonds (S=O), which indicated the breaking of disulfide bonds. When compared with commercial tryptone peptone (TP), WP was found to be superior for the cell growth performances of Esherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Candia albicans and Aspergillus niger. A protein hydrolysate (including wool protein hydrolysate) prepared via microbial hydrolysis was tested for the first time as a peptone source. The cost of WP is much lower than commercial peptones. At the same time, the method developed offers an environmentally friendly approach for the reduction of the amount of unutilized or waste sheep wool. (c) 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd