Tutela giudiziale dei diritti fondamentali nel contesto europeo: il “dialogo” tra le corti nel disordine delle fonti

L’articolo ha ad oggetto il ruolo dei giudici e dell’interpretazione giudiziale nella ricerca di un “nuovo ordine” delle fonti del diritto in materia di diritti fondamentali nel contesto europeo. In primo luogo, mette in evidenza come l’indeterminatezza dei rinvii incrociati contenuti nella Costituzione italiana, nella Convenzione per la salvaguardia dei diritti umani e delle libertà fondamentali e nella Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione europea lasci spazio per prese di posizione alternative, e in competizione tra loro, in merito alla definizione di una gerarchia tra queste fonti del diritto. In secondo luogo, concentrandosi su come la questione è stata affrontata nella giurisprudenza della Corte costituzionale italiana, della Corte europea dei diritti umani e della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea, evidenzia alcuni dei principali limiti del cosiddetto “dialogo” tra le corti

Intra-datacenter links exploiting PCI express generation 4 interconnections

We demonstrate few-km reaches for PCIe-based optical fiber interconnections according to latency limitations, characterizing 16-Gb/s per lane Generation4 up to 10 km and confirming the Generation3 compliance of 2-km links employing suitable PCIe cards

LTE transmission exploiting pulse width modulation in fibre optic links

Recently it has been demonstrated that pulse width modulation (PWM) can represent a viable solution for the analog optical fronthaul alternative to standard radio over fibre, which still avoids the bandwidth expansion of the digital fronthaul. The PWM encodes the analog samples at the transmitter onto the duration of the on/off keyed optical signal, splitting the sampling and quantization of the radio signal between remote radio units (RRUs) and baseband units (BBUs). In particular in this contribution we demonstrate the capabilities of optical PWM for the transport of LTE signals to support the centralized access network (C-RAN) fronthaul in fibre optic link up to 10-km of standard single mode fibre. The generation and analysis of the radio signals is provided by software modules compliant with the LTE standard which allowed to analyse performance results for the different LTE carriers, channels and services. The PWM optical signal connecting RRUs to BBUs is generated by either directly modulating a DFB laser or an externally seeded reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA). Both devices could be exploited inside a wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM PON) architecture where the various RRU-to-BBU links are pooled through virtual point-to-point connections at different wavelengths

Dual modulation VCSEL-based sustainable transceiver for SSB DMT signals transmission

Single sideband DMT signal performance is analyzed in order to achieve high capacity and high spectral efficiency over 50-km uncompensated SMF. A sustainable implementation of the SSB DMT-based transceiver is proposed by means of a VCSEL source and a dual-modulator scheme, providing SSB without optical filtering and Hilbert transform implementation. Moreover, Kramers-Kronig detection, made possible by SSB, is studied at the receiver to effectively compensate the chromatic dispersion with direct detection

VCSEL-based Single-Sideband Transmission for Sustainable Metro-Access Links

The increasing demand for traffic is piling up the throughput on the optical metro-acces network. Despite the well-known ensured high capacity and reach performances, coherent detection is not a feasible choice due to sustainability (cost and power consumption) requirements. Instead, the combination of intensity modulation (IM) and direct detection (DD) in IM-DD systems is a sustainable solution and represents the most used paradigm in the mentioned context. At the transmitter side, sustainability can be achieved using innovative commercially available light sources, such as vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), now also emitting in the C band, featuring a 17-GHz bandwidth, a few μms footprint, low-cost thanks to mass production, low-power consumption (the bias current is a few mAs) and a light quality comparable to the more used distributed feedback (DFB) lasers. To enhance the system performance, discrete multitone (DMT) modulation can be applied to optimize the transmission thanks to the bit and power loading operations, returning a throughput 2-4 times the signal bandwidth. In case of dual sideband (DSB) signals, IM-DD systems suffer from the power fading issue, deriving from the combination of the fiber chromatic dispersion (CD) and the DD square-law. Such phenomenon causes dips in the spectrum, inducing a loss of information and the reach and effective bandwidth reduction. Single sideband (SSB) signals represent a solution, removing one signal sideband, keeping the transmitted information unchanged with respect to DSB signals. In this way, the spectrum dips due to the bands interference at the detector are removed. In this paper, by means of simulations of an IM-DD system, we compare the capacity performance as a function of the distance of two methods to generate SSB DMT signals. On one hand, optical filtering (OF) is considered: a directly modulated VCSEL generates a DSB optical signal, then filtered by a super-gaussian OF (VCSEL-OF in Fig.1) to suppress one of the sidebands [1]. The other option is the use of an electro-optical (E/O) conversion of a signal and its Hilbert transform using a novel so-called dual modulator (DM) scheme [2], a sustainable solution consisting of a double light modulation, first by a directly modulated laser (acting as phase modulator owing to its chirp) and then by an IM, driven to produce SSB optical signals. The DM implementiation is based on the cascade of a VCSEL and a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) [3], named VCSEL-MZM DM in Fig.1. The performance of DSB signals obtained with a MZM external modulation of a VCSEL is also considered (VCSEL+MZM DSB in Fig.1). The results, shown in Fig.1, highlight the potential of the proposed VCSEL-MZM DM scheme to assure more than 50 Gb/s after 50 km with a very sustainalbe approach

La resistenza delle "Altre" tra genere, cultura e diritto. Pillole cinematografiche.

Attraverso gli stimoli offerti da alcuni film, l’articolo mette in discussione la retorica corrente che assegna alle donne di culture non occidentali il ruolo di vittime passive di pratiche patriarcali ed oppressive o, a seconda dei casi, di complici nella loro perpetuazione. Concentrandosi sulle azioni di resistenza e di resilienza delle protagoniste, evidenzia come la tensione tra una pluralità di norme giuridiche di diversa natura e origine – statale, religiosa o consuetudinaria – possa creare spazi di lotta per l’emancipazione. Riflette inoltre criticamente sul possibile ruolo delle norme (inter)nazionali in materia di diritti umani nel supportare o innescare spirali di mutamento culturale, sociale e, talvolta, anche giuridico

Estereotipos, género y derecho. Apuntes para introducir una discusión

Esta breve reflexión introduce la discusión sobre el artículo de Ghidoni y Morondo titulado El papel de los estereotipos en las formas de la desigualdad compleja: algunos apuntes desde la teoría feminista del derecho antidiscriminatorio. En particular, después de señalar las aportaciones más interesantes e innovadoras de la propuesta de las autoras, se indicarán algunas cuestiones abiertas, a partir de las observaciones de las comentaristas Peroni y Ronconi, aunque sin limitarse a ellas. Sin embargo, preliminarmente, se ofrecerán unas breves consideraciones, por un lado, sobre la compleja relación entre derecho y estereotipos y, por otro lado, sobre las posibles aportaciones específicas de la perspectiva de género en el análisis de esta relación

Values in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights : A Legal-Philosophical Analysis with a Focus on Migrants’ Rights

This work provides a sketch of a legal-philosophical understanding of the normative content of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. In particular, after brefly reconstructing the genesis of the Charter and its historical and philosophical background, it focuses on how the values of dignity, freedom, equality and solidarity are conceived in the Charter and implemented in both Union law and the case law of the Court of Justice. Special attention is also devoted to the relationship between the European Union\u2019s and the Council of Europe\u2019s systems of protection of fundamental rights, with particular reference to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. This work stems from the research project "NoVaMigra \u2013 Norms and Values in the European Migration and Refugee Crisis", funded by the European Unionis. Accordingly, it mainly focuses on those rights which are, or could be, particularly significant in relation to migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. Furthermore, special attention is devoted to women\u2019s rights and gender equality

Joint Transmission and Sensing in Few-Mode Fibre

We experimentally demonstrate the coexistence of transmission and sensing using an innovative commercial 15-mode few-mode fibre system. With respect to previous works where the cascade of single-few-single mode fibres has been used, our system features a mode multiplexer and demultiplexer. By transmitting a telecommunication signal over the fibre fundamental mode, the sensing capabilities of the few-mode fibre are demonstrated analysing the power variation of the higher-order modes directly excited by the fundamental mode itself owing to the intermodal crosstalk perturbation