A synoptic-scale overview of the TOGA COARE intensive observing period November 1992 to February 1993 based on analyses from US operational global data assimilation systems

The operational global analyses from the two major U.S. numerical weather prediction centers, the Navy's Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center and the National Meteorological Center, are used to describe the synoptic-scale features of the 1 Nov. 1992 to 28 Feb. 1993 TOGA COARE intensive observing period (IOP). TOGA COARE is an international field experiment in which a large number of research scientists from the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (Code 910) and the Laboratory for Hydrospheres (Code 970) participated. Two high-amplitude intraseasonal (30-60 day) oscillations passed through the TOGA COARE observational network located in the equatorial western Pacific. Associated with the oscillations were two 6-10 day periods of persistent westerly surface winds at the equator or 'westerly wind bursts.' These events are depicted through time series and time-longitude cross sections of divergence/velocity potential, surface winds, precipitation, ocean mixed-layer depth, and sea surface temperature. The high and low frequency components of the flow in which the intraseasonal oscillations were embedded are shown using seasonal, monthly, and 5-day averages of the surface, 850 and 200 mb winds, precipitation, and sea-level pressure, and a time-longitude cross section of tropical cyclone activity. Independent verification of precipitation comes from near real-time satellite estimates, and a reference climatology is given based on 9 years of ECMWF analyses. Daily 00 UTC analyses of surface winds and sea-level pressure for the entire western Pacific and Indian Ocean are provided to trace the evolution of individual synoptic events

Introduction of oral vitamin D supplementation and the rise of the allergy pandemic

The history of the allergy pandemic is well documented, enabling us to put the vitamin D hypothesis into its historical context. The purpose of this study is to compare the prevalence of rickets, vitamin D supply, and allergy prevalence at 50-year intervals by means of a retrospective analysis of the literature since 1880

The European rescue of the Washington Consensus? EU and IMF lending to Central and Eastern European countries

The latest global financial crisis has allowed the International Monetary Fund (IMF) a spectacular comeback. But despite its notorious reputation as a staunch advocate of restrictive economic policies, the Fund has displayed less preference for austerity in recent crisis lending. Though widely welcomed as overdue, the IMF’s shift away from what John Williamson coined the ‘Washington Consensus’ was met with resistance from the European Union (EU) where it concerned Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The situation of hard-hit Hungary, Latvia, and Romania propelled unprecedented cooperation between the IMF and the EU, in which the EU has very actively promoted orthodox measures in return for loans. We argue that this represents a European rescue of the Washington Consensus. The case of Latvia is paradigmatic for the profound disagreements between an austerity-demanding EU and a less austere IMF. The IMF’s stance contradicts conventional wisdom about the organization as the guardian of economic orthodoxy. To solve this puzzle, we shed light on three complementary factors of (non)learning that have shaped the EU’s relations vis-à-vis CEE borrowing countries in comparison to the IMF’s: (1) a disadvantageous institutional setting; (2) vociferous creditor coalitions; (3) the precarious eurozone project

Personal -- 1935-40 -- Correspondence, Miscellaneous -- letter, 1937-01-09

Letter from Levene, P. A. to Sabin, Albert B. dated 1937-01-09.Sabin Collection Fair Use Policy</a

Orthodontic tooth movement in relation to angular bony defects

Abstract Objectives This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the benefits of adjunctive orthodontic treatment with or without periodontal regenerative surgery in the treatment of angular bony defects, defect volume, and periodontal tissue conditions in adult patients. Methods An electronic keyword search was conducted in the literature database PubMed as well as in Google Scholar. Originally, studies describing all types of orthodontic tooth movement (tipping, bodily movement, intrusion, extrusion) in relation to bone defects such as periodontal, furcation and extraction site defects were reviewed. Only those articles depicting tooth movement after periodontal therapy and the control of inflammation were included. Results Evidence indicates that orthodontic tooth movement can result in the reduction or elimination of periodontal bony defect dimensions, a reduction in probing pocket depth and a gain in clinical attachment level. Furthermore, the published data show that orthodontic tooth movement before or after regenerative surgery can provide therapeutic benefits in the recovery of angular bony defects. Conclusions This review supports the premise that adjunctive orthodontic treatment in adults with reduced but healthy periodontal tissues is a solution for the modification of bony defect contours with or without periodontal regenerative therapy. </jats:sec

Three contributions to the chemistry of the unsaturated phosphatides,

"Reprinted from the Journal of biological chemistry, vols. XL, no. 1, November, 1919; XLVI, no. 1, March, and no. 2, April, 1921."Vita.Thesis (PH. D.)--Columbia university.Lecithin. IV. Lecithin of the brain, by P. A. Levene and Ida P. Rolf.--Lecithin. III. Fatty acids of the egg yolk, by P. A. Levene and Ida P. Rolf.--Cephalin. VII. The glycerophosphoric acid of cephalin, by P. A. Levene and Ida P. Rolf.Mode of access: Internet