Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and is a systemic disease, which can present with variable clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated with Leishmania species makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. In this review, we summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated with L. infantum infection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite

Anatomical study of the gastrocnemius venous network and proposal for a classification of the veins

Objectives. To present a detailed description of the gastrocnemius venous network.Design. Anatomical study in cadavers.Material and methods. Forty lower limbs from 20 adult male cadavers were studied. All gastrocnemius veins were dissected from the gastrocnemius muscle heads proximally toward their drainage site.Results. Eighty heads of 40 gastrocnemius muscles showed 438 gastrocnemius veins. the number of veins per muscle head varied between 2 and 12. There were 221 gastrocnemius trunks distributed as 95 main gastrocnemius trunks, 81 axial and 45 collateral ones. Front the 95 main gastrocnemius trunks, 83 (87%) drained into the popliteal vein. Direct observation of the gastrocnemius venous network allowed its to classify the anatomical distribution as four distinct types.Conclusions. the majority of main gastrocnemius venous trunks drain into the popliteal vein. There is wide variability in the number of gastrocnemius veins. We propose a classification of four distinct types of anatontical pattern.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Surg, BR-05409010 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Surg, BR-05409010 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Monitoramento da susceptibilidade de Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) aos inseticidas beta-ciflutrina e imidacloprido em Mato Grosso

Euschistus heros é um praga polifaga importante nos sistemas produtivos de grãos e fibras mato-grossenses, pois é a principal espécie de percevejo que ataca a cultura da soja, além de atacar o milho no início da emergência das plantas e as maças do algodoeiro. Portanto, sua permanência no campo é prolongada devido à extensa janela de cultivo no Estado. Consequentemente, o período de exposição aos inseticidas é potencializado quando comparado a sistemas produtivos com uma única safra que hospede a praga. Diante disso, objetivou-se monitorar os níveis de susceptibilidade do percevejo aos inseticidas imidacloprido e beta-ciflutrina. Para avaliar o nível de susceptibilidade das populações de campo, determinou-se uma dose diagnóstica em uma população susceptível de E. heros ao avaliar a mortalidade dos insetos em concentrações crescentes dos dois inseticidas. Desta forma, calculou-se a Concentração Letal para 95% dos indivíduos susceptíveis - CL95 , através da análise de probit. As doses diagnósticas estimadas foram de 3µl/ml (beta-ciflutrina/água) e 0,5µl/ml (imidacloprido/água). Os produtos comerciais utilizados continham as concentrações de 50 g/L de ingrediente ativo para beta-ciflutrina e 200 g/L de ingrediente ativo para imidacloprido. As populações de campo foram coletadas em soja na safra 2013/14 nos municípios de Rondonópolis, Nova Mutum e Sinop. Para a molécula imidacloprido, todas as populações tiveram uma mortalidade parecida com a população susceptível, porém para a molécula beta-ciflutrina a população de Rondonópolis diferenciou significativamente da população susceptível. Entretanto, falhas de controle em campo não são d iagnosticadas, pois os inseticidas registrados para o controle da praga que contém esses ingredientes ativos são uma mixtura de beta-ciflutrina com imidacloprido, assim promovendo efetivo controle devido ao imidacloprido

Disentangling astroglial physiology with a realistic cell model in silico

Electrically non-excitable astroglia take up neurotransmitters, buffer extracellular K+ and generate Ca2+ signals that release molecular regulators of neural circuitry. The underlying machinery remains enigmatic, mainly because the sponge-like astrocyte morphology has been difficult to access experimentally or explore theoretically. Here, we systematically incorporate multi-scale, tri-dimensional astroglial architecture into a realistic multi-compartmental cell model, which we constrain by empirical tests and integrate into the NEURON computational biophysical environment. This approach is implemented as a flexible astrocyte-model builder ASTRO. As a proof-of-concept, we explore an in silico astrocyte to evaluate basic cell physiology features inaccessible experimentally. Our simulations suggest that currents generated by glutamate transporters or K+ channels have negligible distant effects on membrane voltage and that individual astrocytes can successfully handle extracellular K+ hotspots. We show how intracellular Ca2+ buffers affect Ca2+ waves and why the classical Ca2+ sparks-and-puffs mechanism is theoretically compatible with common readouts of astroglial Ca2+ imaging