SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF NOVEL PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES

Objectives: To synthesize novel pyrazole derivatives and their evaluation for anti-inflammatory activity. Methods: The synthesis of chalcone (1) was carried out by using Claisen-Schmidt condensation. which on further cyclization with thiosemicarbazidegives the substituted 3, 5-diphenyl-4, 5-dihydro-pyrazole-1-carbothoic acid amide (2), further reaction with different aldehydes yield title compounds(3). Using this scheme 8 compounds were synthesized which further have been evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by egg-albumin induced pawedema.Results: All the synthesized compounds have been supported by spectral analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity of synthesized compounds wascompared with standard anti-inflammatory agent Diclofenac sodium.Conclusion: Compound-8, compound-2 and compound-3 showed greater anti-inflammatory activity due to the presence of alkene and electronwithdrawing groups (Cl and NO2). Keywords: Chalcone, Thiosemicarbazide, Pyrazole derivatives, Anti-inflammatory activity

Waste in Flux: Temporal and Seasonal Shifts in Mysuru and Tiruchirappalli

Efficient management of municipal solid waste is essential to fostering sustainable urban growth, especially in rapidly urbanizing countries such as India. This study conducts a comparative analysis of waste collection patterns in Mysuru and Tiruchirappalli, two major cities in India. The study specifically examines temporal shifts and seasonal variations. A study of daily waste collection data over six years indicates apparent differences among the cities. Mysuru has a greater average daily waste collection of 481.82 tons compared to Tiruchirappalli’s 445.68 tons. A two-sample t-test assuming unequal variances indicates that this difference is statistically significant with a p-value of 0.0423. However, a more thorough analysis of seasonal patterns uncovers significant deviations. Mysuru exhibits elevated waste generation during the dry summer and wet winter seasons, whereas Tiruchirappalli encounters a surge in waste generation during the wet summer and wet winter periods. The seasonal variations highlight the impact of climate-related factors and consumption habits on waste generation. This study offers valuable insights into the intricacies of urban waste management in India, highlighting the importance of customized strategies that consider both temporal and seasonal fluctuations to improve the sustainability and resilience of waste management systems in rapidly developing urban areas

Genetic Divergence for Yield, Physiological and Quality Traits in Super-Early Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan. (l.) Millsp.)

The present investigation aimed to study genetic divergence and clustering pattern of 37super-early pigeon pea genotypes. Analysis of variance and hierarchical cluster analysis of tocher’s method revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits under study. Based on genetic distance (D2 value), the 37 genotypes were grouped into 9 distinctive clusters, of which cluster I and II formed the largest clusters with 10 genotypes in each. Among all the characters understudy, leaf area index(LAI) at 60 DAS contributed more to the divergence followed by leaf area (17.02) and leaf area index (12.71) at maturity. Based on the average inter-cluster distance, the cluster III and IX (66.93) tailed by cluster III and VIII (64.86) and cluster VI and VIII (64.06) showed higher inter-cluster distance depicting the wider divergence. Trait-wise selection of diverse parents from the above clusters aids in exploitation of heterosis in superearly pigeon pea

Genetic Variability for Yield, Physiological and Quality Traits in Novel Super-Early Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

Super-early pigeonpea are novel genotypes that are reported to be photoperiod insensitive making it possible to grow it in non-traditional regions. Estimation of genetic parameters would be useful in developing appropriate selection and breeding strategies. A study was conducted to evaluate 37 super-early pigeonpea genotypes to access the magnitude of variability and to study heritable component of variation present in the yield, physiological and quality traits. The results revealed that traits leaf area duration between 60 DAS & maturity followed by leaf area & leaf area index at maturity, net assimilation between 60 DAS & maturity, leaf area index & leaf area at 60 DAS, leaf area duration between 60 DAS & maturity and plant height had high had higher PCV and GCV values. In general, phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) estimates were higher than genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) estimates for all the characters under study, but the difference was relatively small indicating that these characters were less influenced by the environment and selection to improve those traits might be effective. High heritability combined with high genetic advance as a percent of mean was noted for all the traits except protein content conveying the governance of additive gene on trait expression. Anticipating these traits as selection index reaps competent improvement in yield, physiological and quality traits in early maturing pigeonpea

Economic effect of mechanical intervention through sub-soiling on growth and yield of rainfed pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)

A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sub-soiling on plant growth, root morphology and yield of rainfed pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L. ) Millsp.] (Var LRG 41) during 2012-13 and 2013-14. Crop exposed to moisture stress condition from flowering to harvest (120 days) during 2013-14, compared to experiment conducted during 2012-13. The results indicated that sub-soil tillage sustained higher shoot, root growth and seed yield during the year 2013-14, which coincided with end of season drought compared to conventional tillage treatment. Crop growth in terms of plant height, leaf area/plant significantly improved due to sub-soiling compared to conventionally tilled treatment. Similarly sub-soiling recorded significant increase in drought tolerant traits, viz. root length (234%), root dry weight (274%) and relative water content (37%). Consequently, sub-soil tillage recorded significant increase in number of pods/plant by 59%, 100 seed weight by 12% and pod yield by 219% compared to conventionally tilled treatment. Sub-soil tillage proved efficient method of mechanical intervention for drought mitigation under rainfed pigeonpea cultivation

An unusual presentation of a stroke in a developing country: a case report

BACKGROUND: Patients often, but not always, present with features that allow easy differentiation between traumatic brain injury and a stroke. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for a good outcome in both. Millions of people worldwide climb coconut and other trees without any protective gear. We present a case of a coconut tree climber found unconscious after a fall, initially misdiagnosed as a traumatic brain injury but later proven to be a hemorrhagic stroke. We discuss how to prevent such incidents and why that deserves more attention. There is a severe paucity of such case reports and discussion of related issues in medical literature. CASE PRESENTATION: A 65 year old, previously healthy Sinhalese man had fallen from a coconut tree and was found unconscious with wounds on his limbs on the right side of his body. He was taken to the closest hospital. After being given primary care, he was transferred to the Kandy teaching hospital for neurosurgical management. Physical examination findings suggested a stroke but not the medical history. We could not exclude a head and cervical spine injury clinically. A computed tomography scan of the brain and cervical spine showed a left thalamic hemorrhage but no other injuries that could be attributed to trauma, therefore we confirmed it was a hemorrhagic stroke presenting as a traumatic brain injury. CONCLUSION: Since strokes are very common and rising in prevalence, being more aware of uncommon presentations like this can be useful to all health care workers working in acute medical settings especially in developing countries. Computed tomography scans of the brain plays a critical role in accurate diagnosis of both strokes and traumatic brain injuries; but many people in the developing world do not have prompt access to computed tomography scanners. Providing early access to a computed tomography scan of the brain to a wider population after a head injury or a stroke may contribute to reducing morbidity and mortality. Developing and promoting affordable and simple safety methods for palm and other tree climbers can also help to reduce morbidity and mortality

Proximal Sessile Serrated Adenomas Are More Prevalent in Caucasians, and Gastroenterologists Are Better Than Nongastroenterologists at Their Detection

Background and Aim. Proximal sessile serrated adenomas (PSSA) leading to colorectal cancer (CRC) represent an alternate pathway for CRC development. In this study, we aim to determine the prevalence of PSSAs and the impact of patient, colonoscopy, and endoscopist-related factors on PSSA detection. Methods. Patients ≥ 50 years of age undergoing a screening colonoscopy between 2012 and 2014 were included. Detection rates based on patient gender, race, colonoscopy timing, fellow participation, bowel preparation quality, and specialty of the endoscopist were calculated. t-tests were used to compare detection rates and a multivariate-adjusted analysis was performed. Results. 140 PSSAs were detected from 4151 colonoscopies, with a prevalence of 3.4%. Detection rate was higher in Caucasians compared to African-Americans (AA) (3.7 ± 4.1 versus 0.96 ± 3.5; p<0.001). Gastroenterologists detected more PSSAs compared to nongastroenterologists (3.9 ± 3.5 versus 2.2 ± 3.0; p=0.028). These findings were still significant after adjusted multivariate analysis. The rest of the factors did not make significant difference in PSSA detection rate. Conclusions. PSSAs are more prevalent in Caucasians compared to AAs. Racial difference in prevalence of PSSAs is intriguing and warrants further investigation. Gastroenterologists have a significantly higher PSSADR compared to nongastroenterologists. Educational measures should be implemented in nongastroenterologists to improve their PSSA detection rates

Sex and gender differences in cognitive resilience to aging and Alzheimer's disease

Sex and gender-biological and social constructs-significantly impact the prevalence of protective and risk factors, influencing the burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD; amyloid beta and tau) and other pathologies (e.g., cerebrovascular disease) which ultimately shape cognitive trajectories. Understanding the interplay of these factors is central to understanding resilience&nbsp;and resistance mechanisms&nbsp;explaining maintained cognitive function and&nbsp;reduced pathology accumulation in aging and AD.&nbsp;In this narrative review, the ADDRESS! Special Interest Group (Alzheimer's Association) adopted a multidisciplinary approach to provide the foundations and recommendations for future research into sex- and gender-specific drivers of resilience, including a sex/gender-oriented review of risk factors, genetics, AD and non-AD pathologies, brain structure and function, and animal research.&nbsp;We urge the field to adopt a sex/gender-aware approach to resilience to advance our understanding of the intricate interplay of biological and social determinants and consider sex/gender-specific resilience throughout disease stages. HIGHLIGHTS: Sex differences in resilience to cognitive decline vary by age and cognitive status. Initial evidence supports sex-specific distinctions in brain pathology. Findings suggest sex differences in the impact of pathology on cognition. There is a sex-specific change in resilience in the transition to clinical stages. Gender and sex factors warrant study: modifiable, immune, inflammatory, and vascular

Silent cerebral infarcts in patients with atrial fibrillation: Clinical implications of an imaging-adjusted CHA2DS2-VASc score

Background: The CHA2DS2-VASc score does not include silent infarcts on neuroimaging in stroke risk estimation for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The inclusion of silent infarcts into CHA2DS2-VASc scoring and its impact on stroke prophylaxis recommendations in patients with AF has not been previously studied. The present study sought to quantify the prevalence of silent infarcts in patients with AF and describe potential changes in management based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Methods: Participants from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging with AF and brain MRI were included. Silent infarcts were identified. “Standard” CHA2DS2-VASc scores were calculated for each subject based on clinical history alone and “imaging-adjusted” CHA2DS2-VASc scores based on evidence of cerebral infarction on MRI. Standard and imaging-adjusted scores were compared. Results: 147 participants (average age 77, 28% female) were identified with AF, MRI, and no clinical history of stroke. Overall, 41 (28%) patients had silent infarcts on MRI, corresponding with a 2-point increase in CHA2DS2-VASc score. Of these participants, only 39% (16/41) with silent infarct were on anticoagulation despite that standard CHA2DS2-VASc scores supportive of anticoagulation. After incorporating silent infarcts, 13% (19/147) would have an indication for periprocedural bridging compared to 0.6% (1/147) at baseline. Conclusions: Incorporation of silent infarcts into the CHA2DS2-VASc score may change the risk-benefit ratio of anticoagulation. It may also increase the number of patients who would benefit from periprocedural bridging. Future research should examine whether an anticoagulation strategy based on imaging-adjusted CHA2DS2-VASc scores could result in a greater reduction of stroke and cognitive decline