Modeling charge transport in Swept Charge Devices for X-ray spectroscopy

We present the formulation of an analytical model which simulates charge transport in Swept Charge Devices (SCDs) to understand the nature of the spectral redistribution function (SRF). We attempt to construct the energy-dependent and position dependent SRF by modeling the photon interaction, charge cloud generation and various loss mechanisms viz., recombination, partial charge collection and split events. The model will help in optimizing event selection, maximize event recovery and improve spectral modeling for Chandrayaan-2 (slated for launch in 2014). A proto-type physical model is developed and the algorithm along with its results are discussed in this paper.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, Proc. SPIE 8453, High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy

An improved method for the synthesis of cyclopropyl ketoesters

A simple and versatile method for the synthesis of cyclopropyl ketoesters starting from chalcones and ethyl cyanoacetate in benzene using sodium powder as base is described

Inactivators of Isoniazid, Based on The Ratio of The Urinary Excretion of Acetylisoniazid To Isoniazid

Following an intramuscular injection of isoniazid 3 mg/kg body-weight, the urinary excretion of isoniazid and acetylisoniazid during the periods 0-1, 1-2, 2-3 and 3-4 h was determined for 124 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. On the same occasion, the serum isoniazid concentration at 4½ h was determined by microbiologic assay. The ratios of acetylisoniazid to isoniazid in the urine collections at 2, 3 and 4 h. were bimodally distributed. Rules were derived from these. ratios for classifying subjects as slow or rapid inactivators of isoniazid. There was 100% agreement between the classification based on each of these ratios and that based on the serum isoniazid concentration at 4½ h

Classification of Subjects as Slow or Rapid Inactivators of Isoniazid Oral Administration of a Slow-release. Preparation of Isoniazid and Determination of the Ratio of Acetyisoniazid to Isoniazid in Urine

A simple method for classifying subjects as slow or rapid inactivators of isoniazid has beenevaluated on large numbers of patients. The method consists of determining the ratio of acetylisoniazid to isoniazid in a 24-26 h. urine collection following the oral administration of a slow-release preparation of isoniazid 30 mg./kg. body-weight. In a group of 101 patients, there was 100 per cent agreement between the classification based on this method and that based on a standard method, consisting of estimation of the serum isoniazid concentration, 4½ h. after an intramuscular dose of ordinary isoniazid 3 mg./kg. body-weight. Subsequent studies in other patients have confirmed that the method is efficient, and demonstrated that the classification is highly reproducible

A novel system to obtain addresses of out-patients-assessent in routine clinic practice in Madras

A novel method of obtaining accurate home addresses from out-patients was introduced as a routine procedure in 6 chest clinics of Madras City, following highly satisfactory results under study conditions. In this method, the patient is given a card (the address card), and asked to get his exact address entered on it by any knowledgeable person of his choice such as a landlord or neighbour. An assessment of the system was undertaken after it had been in operation for about 8 months. A complete and legible address was available for 82 % of 3956 patients, the range in the 6 clinics being 74 % to 91 %. The main causes for failure were : not giving address card to patient (7 %), patient not reattending the clinic (6 %), and patient reattending but not returning the address card (3%). Corrective measures have now been introduced, and a re-assessment will be undertaken in due course

Determination of Acetylator Phenotype Based on the Ratio of Acetylisoniazid to Isoniazid in Urine Following an Oral Dose of Ordinary Isoniazid

A simple method for classifying subjects as slow or rapid inactivators of isoniazid has been described. A uniform dose of 300 mg. of ordinary isoniazid was administered orally to 150 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The ratio of acetylisoniazid to isoniazid was determined in urine collected at hourly intervals from 4 to 8 h. At each hour the distribution of the ratios was clearly bimodal. The test based on the 5-6 h. urine collection is recommended for its convenience and excellent discrimination between slow and rapid inactivators. The agreement between this method and a ‘standard method was of the order of 97 per cent

The Role of Diet in the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: An Evaluation in a Controlled Chemotherapy Study in Home and Sanatorium Patients in South India

Before the advent of antituberculosis chemotherapy, a diet rich in calories, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins was generally considered to be an important, if not essential, factor in the treatment of tuberculosis. The introduction of specific antituberculosis drugs, however, has so radically altered the management of the disease that the role of diet has to be reconsidered in the light of the recent advances in treatment. An evaluation of the influence of diet in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with isoniazid plus p-aminosalicylic acid was recently undertaken by the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras, in the course of a controlled comparison of home and sanatorium chemotherapy for tuberculous patients from a poverty-stricken community in Madras City. Despite the fact that during the year of treatment the home patients subsisted on a markedly poorer diet, were physically more active and, on the average, gained less weight than the sanatorium patients, the overall response to treatment in the home series closely approached that in the sanatorium series, although there was a tendency for tubercle bacilli to disappear earlier in the latter. Direct evidence has been presented that none of the dietary factors studied (calories, carbohydrates, total and animal proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins) appears to influence the attainment of quiescent disease among tuberculous patients treated for one year with an effective combination of antimicrobial drugs, and that initial chemotherapy of patients at home can be successful even if the dietary intake is low throughout the period of treatment

Active community surveillance of the impact of different tuberculosis control measures, Tiruvallur, South India, 1968-2001

Background: Tuberculosis is curable, but community surveys documenting epidemiological impact of the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy on tuberculosis prevalence have not been published. We used active community surveillance to compare the impact of DOTS with earlier programmes. Methods: We conducted tuberculosis disease surveys using random cluster sampling of a rural population in South India approximately every 2.5 years from 1968 to 1986, using radiography as a screening tool for sputum examination. In 1999, DOTS was implemented in the area. Prevalence surveys using radiography and symptom screening were conducted at the start of DOTS implementation and after 2.5 years. Results: From 1968 to 1999, culture-positive and smear-positive tuberculosis declined by 2.3 and 2.5% per annum compared with 11.9 and 5.6% after DOTS implementation. The 2.5 year period of DOTS implementation accounted for one-fourth of the decline in prevalence of culture-positive tuberculosis over 33 years. Multivariate analysis showed that prevalence of culture-positive tuberculosis decreased substantially (10.0% per annum, 95% CI: 2.8–16.6%) owing to DOTS after only slight declines related to temporal trends (2.1% annual decline, 95% CI: 1.1–3.2%) and short-course chemotherapy (1.5% annual decline, 95% CI: �9.7% to 11.5%). Under DOTS, the proportion of total cases identified through clinical care increased from 81 to 92%. Conclusions: Following DOTS implementation, prevalence of culture-positive tuberculosis decreased rapidly following a gradual decline for the previous 30 years. In the absence of a large HIV epidemic and with relatively low levels of rifampicin resistance, DOTS was associated with rapid reduction of tuberculosis prevalenc

Value of dual testing for identifying tuberculous infection

Setting: A rural community in Chingleput district in Tamil Nadu state in south India. Objective: To determine the value of dual testing with PPD-S and PPD-B for identifying subjects with a tuberculous infection. Design: About 240,000 subjects in rural south India, all of whom were tested initially with PPD-S and PPD-B, were followed up for 15 years, mainly by total population survey once in every 212 years. The incidence of culture-positive tuberculosis was estimated using life-table technique. Results: Among 17,530 subjects with an intermediate reaction (8–11 mm) to PPD-S at intake, 285 with an induration to PPD-S exceeding the induration to PPD-B by at least 2 mm, had a significantly higher incidence of culture-positive tuberculosis than the remaining (154 and 93 per 100,000), and similarly 481 who had an induration of o10mm to PPD-B compared to those with X10mm (131 and 93 per 100,000). These subjects may be regarded as having a tuberculous infection. Infection with non-tuberculous mycobacteria conferred protection of about 30% against the development of tuberculosis over a 15-year period. Conclusion: In subjects with an intermediate reaction (8–11 mm) to PPD-S, dual testing with PPD-B enabled identification of those with a tuberculous infection. Most of the reactions were due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria