The International Criminal Court: Possibilities for Prosecutorial Abuse

The attempt to create an international criminal court assumes that in all important ways the international legal order is similar to the municipal legal orders with which US citizens are familiar, but with regard to the criminal law, that assumption is simply not true. Rubin discusses two potential fundamental discrepancies between the international legal order and an hypothesized typical municipal legal order as would exist under the current statute for the International Criminal Court

Estimating the Causal Effects of Marketing Interventions Using Propensity Score Methodology

Propensity score methods were proposed by Rosenbaum and Rubin [Biometrika 70 (1983) 41--55] as central tools to help assess the causal effects of interventions. Since their introduction more than two decades ago, they have found wide application in a variety of areas, including medical research, economics, epidemiology and education, especially in those situations where randomized experiments are either difficult to perform, or raise ethical questions, or would require extensive delays before answers could be obtained. In the past few years, the number of published applications using propensity score methods to evaluate medical and epidemiological interventions has increased dramatically. Nevertheless, thus far, we believe that there have been few applications of propensity score methods to evaluate marketing interventions (e.g., advertising, promotions), where the tradition is to use generally inappropriate techniques, which focus on the prediction of an outcome from background characteristics and an indicator for the intervention using statistical tools such as least-squares regression, data mining, and so on. With these techniques, an estimated parameter in the model is used to estimate some global ``causal'' effect. This practice can generate grossly incorrect answers that can be self-perpetuating: polishing the Ferraris rather than the Jeeps ``causes'' them to continue to win more races than the Jeeps $\Leftrightarrow$ visiting the high-prescribing doctors rather than the low-prescribing doctors ``causes'' them to continue to write more prescriptions. This presentation will take ``causality'' seriously, not just as a casual concept implying some predictive association in a data set, and will illustrate why propensity score methods are generally superior in practice to the standard predictive approaches for estimating causal effects.Comment: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/088342306000000259 in the Statistical Science (http://www.imstat.org/sts/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Improved analytic longitudinal response analysis for axisymmetric launch vehicles. Volume I - Linear analytic model

Improved analytic longitudinal response analysis for axisymmetric launch vehicles - linear mode

Magnetic phase diagram of the spin-1 two-dimensional J1-J3 Heisenberg model on a triangular lattice

The spin-1 Heisenberg model on a triangular lattice with the ferromagnetic nearest, $J_1=-(1-p)J,$ $J>0$, and antiferromagnetic third-nearest-neighbor, $J_3=pJ$, exchange interactions is studied in the range of the parameter $0 \leqslant p \leqslant 1$. Mori's projection operator technique is used as a method, which retains the rotation symmetry of spin components and does not anticipate any magnetic ordering. For zero temperature several phase transitions are observed. At $p\approx 0.2$ the ground state is transformed from the ferromagnetic spin structure into a disordered state, which in its turn is changed to an antiferromagnetic long-range ordered state with the incommensurate ordering vector ${\bf Q = Q^\prime} \approx (1.16, 0)$ at $p\approx 0.31$. With the further growth of $p$ the ordering vector moves along the line ${\bf Q^\prime-Q_c}$ to the commensurate point ${\bf Q_c}=(\frac{2\pi}{3}, 0)$, which is reached at $p = 1$. The final state with an antiferromagnetic long-range order can be conceived as four interpenetrating sublattices with the $120^\circ$ spin structure on each of them. Obtained results are used for interpretation of the incommensurate magnetic ordering observed in NiGa$_2$S$_4$.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Physics Letters

Heat sterilizable Ni-Cd battery development Quarterly progress report, 1 Oct. - 31 Dec. 1967

Microscopic, X ray diffraction, porosity, and pore size distribution data for heat sterilizable Ni-Cd batter

Heat sterilizable Ni-Cd battery development Quarterly report, 1 Jul. - 30 Sep. 1967

Effect of heat sterilization on electrochemistry of nickel-cadmium batterie