Controle químico da losna em plantio direto de trigo

A losna (Artemisia verlotorum) é uma planta daninha com alta capacidade de rebrota de seus rizomas e tolerante à maioria dos herbicidas, principalmente os de contato, o que dificulta consideravelmente o seu controle químico e mecânico. Areas naturalmente infestadas com essa planta foram tratadas com glifosate e 2,4-D, em diferentes doses combinadas entre si. O glifosate foi mais eficiente que o 2,4-D. O 2,4-D não apresentou efeito sobre a losna aos 90 dias após sua aplicação. O glifosate apresentou um efeito mais prolongado que o 2,4-D, reduzindo o número de plantas vivas até os 90 dias após sua aplicação. A aplicação das doses intermediárias proporcionou um controle mais eficiente da losna em detrimento do uso de doses mais elevadas. Os valores máximos alcançados pelas características avaliadas na cultura do trigo coincidiram com a aplicação de doses intermediárias, que proporcionaram o melhor controle da losna. Mais rendimento do trigo (3787 kg/ha) foi obtido quando se efetuou a aplicação da mistura de 0,721 kg/ha de glifosate com 1,152 kg/ha de 2,4-D.It is difficult to obtain an efficient mechanical and chemical control of wormwood (Artemisia verlotorum) because this weed has a great capacity to sprout and is tolerant to most herbicides. Natural areas infested with wormwood were treated with glyphosate and 2,4-D. Glyphosate was more efficient than 2,4-D on wormwood control. The application of 2,4-D did not cause significant differences on wormwood control 90 days after treatment. However, the glyphosate had prolonged effect, decreasing the number of living plants until 90 days after its application. Intermediary rates were more effecient than higher rates on wormwood control. Higher values of all studied characteristics of wheat crop were obtained with intermediary rates of both herbicides. Higher yield of wheat (3787 kg/ha) were obtained when 0,721 kg/ha of glyphosate associated with 1,152 kg/ha of 2,4-D was applied

Current ecotoxicity testing needs among selected U.S. federal agencies

U.S. regulatory and research agencies use ecotoxicity test data to assess the hazards associated with substances that may be released into the environment, including but not limited to industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food additives, and color additives. These data are used to conduct hazard assessments and evaluate potential risks to aquatic life (e.g., invertebrates, fish), birds, wildlife species, or the environment. To identify opportunities for regulatory uses of non-animal replacements for ecotoxicity tests, the needs and uses for data from tests utilizing animals must first be clarified. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to identify the ecotoxicity test data relied upon by U.S. federal agencies. The standards, test guidelines, guidance documents, and/or endpoints that are used to address each of the agencies’ regulatory and research needs regarding ecotoxicity testing are described in the context of their application to decision-making. Testing and information use, needs, and/or requirements relevant to the regulatory or programmatic mandates of the agencies taking part in the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods Ecotoxicology Workgroup are captured. This information will be useful for coordinating efforts to develop and implement alternative test methods to reduce, refine, or replace animal use in chemical safety evaluations