Disposition of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in Thai swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

The present study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of oxytetracycline long-acting formulation (OTC-LA) in Thai swamp buffaloes, Bubalus bubalis, following single intramuscular administration at two dosages of 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 504 h. The plasma concentrations of OTC were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentrations of OTC in the plasma were determined up to 264 h and 432 h after i.m. administration at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg b.w., respectively. The Cmax values of OTC were 12.11 ± 1.87 μg/mL and 12.27 ± 1.92 μg/mL at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. The AUClast values increased in a dose-dependent fashion. The half-life values were 52.00 ± 14.26 h and 66.80 ± 10.91 h at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg b.w, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic data and PK-PD index (T > MIC), i.m. administration of OTC at a dose of 30 mg/kg b.w once per week might be appropriate for the treatment of susceptible bacterial infection in Thai swamp buffaloes. 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Exposure assessment of multiple mycotoxins in black and white sesame seeds consumed in Thailand

This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of 16 well-recognized and emerging mycotoxins in black and white sesame seed samples sold in Thailand and to evaluate possible health risks to consumers. Samples were extracted and cleaned with a modified QuEChERS procedure. Multiple mycotoxins in sesame seed samples were analyzed with a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The risk of mycotoxin exposure via dietary intake of sesame seeds was evaluated based on the hazard quotient, margin of exposure (MOE), and quantitative liver cancer risk established by European Food Safety Authority, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the World Health Organization. Of the 200 samples, 21.5% were contaminated with mycotoxins, 19.5% were contaminated with a single mycotoxin, and 2% were contaminated with multiple mycotoxins. Although 9% of total samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs), only one black sesame seed sample and one white sesame seed sample were above the regulatory limits for the European Union (2 μg/kg). The MOE values derived from consumption of black and white sesame seeds were generally,10,000, especially in the group consuming the most. The number of liver cancer cases over a lifetime associated with AFB1 exposure based on the upper bound values for the group consuming high level of black and white sesame seeds (97.5 percentile) was estimated at more than 1 case per one million persons. Therefore, a potential risk to consumer health exists through the consumption of black and white sesame seeds and subsequent exposure to AFB1. However, further evaluation with larger sample sizes is necessary for more accurate calculations. Continuous monitoring of mycotoxin contamination in sesame seeds with risk assessments is recommended

Monitoring and health risk of mycotoxins in imported wines and beers consumed in Thailand

The presence of mycotoxins has been reported in a wide range of agricultural commodities including wine and beer. Due to the widespread consumption of these beverages, risk assessment of contamination by toxins is required for consumer health. In the present study, multi-residue analysis for the determination of mycotoxins was undertaken to survey the incidence of mycotoxins in imported wines and beers being commercialised in Thailand, and to assess the consumer health risk. Samples of red wines (100) and beers (100) were collected randomly from supermarkets and retail shops in Bangkok, Thailand and were extracted using the dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction procedure. The quantitation and confirmation of 19 mycotoxins were performed using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry with an electro-spray ionisation interface in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode. The results demonstrated that the wine and beer samples were contaminated with mycotoxins at 35 and 13%, respectively. The most prominent mycotoxins found in wines were Alternaria toxins, ochratoxin A, and fumonisins, whereas zearalenone and deoxynivalenol were the most prevalent mycotoxins found in contaminated beers. However, ochratoxin A levels were far below the maximum limits established by the European Union. As indicated by the risk assessment, mycotoxin exposure via imported wines and beers were at safe levels in the Bangkok urban area. </jats:p