Protektem pikinini blong yu trial: protocol for a single arm field trial to assess the effectiveness of treating-all pregnant women with hepatitis B infection with tenofovir prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission in Vanuatu, 2024-2025.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B infection is a major public health concern in Vanuatu, with approximately 9% of the general population estimated to be living with chronic hepatitis B. Most new infections are due to mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Hepatitis B vaccination is available in Vanuatu, but coverage rates for first dose within 24 h of birth and third dose are suboptimal. While treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is available in country, there is no capacity to test hepatitis B e antigen and limited capacity to test hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA viral load, which is a current eligibility requirement for women in pregnancy to access hepatitis B prophylaxis for MTCT per National guidelines. Recently, the World Health Organization guidelines have been updated to recommend universal peripartum antiviral prophylaxis (PAP) of pregnant women living with hepatitis B to prevent MTCT of HBV, without assessment of viral load in places without access to testing. However, these recommendations are conditional based on low-certainty evidence. The aim of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of universal PAP and provide evidence for the global guidelines. METHODS: A single arm field trial compared to real world control sites will be conducted in Vanuatu involving pregnant women attending antenatal care services with positive HBsAg rapid tests. Participants at the control sites will undergo routine care. Participants at the intervention sites will all receive oral TDF prophylaxis from second trimester to completion of infant primary hepatitis B vaccination schedule. Primary data analysis will be by intention-to-treat. Initial analyses will be unadjusted comparisons of the intervention sites and control sites. Adjusted analyses will be performed, as needed, and presented in addition to unadjusted comparisons. DISCUSSION: This study will provide evidence of acceptability, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis for all women with hepatitis B during pregnancy, as per the updated WHO guidelines, compared with current practice. The outcome of this trial will provide critical information to inform national and global guidelines around universal peripartum antiviral prophylaxis for hepatitis B during pregnancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), ACTRN: ACTRN12623001202651p. Registered 21 November 2023

Antifungal activity of components used for decontamination of dental prostheses on the growth of Candida albicans

Introduction:The effectiveness of antimicrobial solutions employed in dental prosthesis decontamination is still uncertain.Aim: To evaluate the antifungal activity of cleaners used in the decontamination of dental prostheses on the growth of Candida albicans.Material and method: The evaluated products were: Corega Tabs(r) (S1), Sodium Hypochlorite 1% (S2), Sodium Bicarbonate 1% (S3), Hydrogen Peroxide 1% (S4), Chlorhexidine Digluconate 0.12% - Periogard (r) (S5), Mouthrinse based on essential oils - Listerine(r) (S6), essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) at concentrations of 1% (S7) and 2% (S8). The antifungal activity of the products was evaluated by agar diffusion technique and the determination of microbial death curve of samples of C. albicans (ATCC 90028) in concentration 1.5 × 106 CFU/mL. The tests were performed in triplicate and statistical analysis was made by ANOVA Two-Way and Tukey tests, with the confidence level of 95%.Result:The average of the zones of inhibition growth, in millimeters, obtained for the products were: 0.0 (S1), 44.7 (S2), 0.0 (S3), 21.6 (S4), 10.0 (S5), 6.1 (S6), 0.0 (S7) and 2.4 (S8). Considering the determination of microbial death curve, all products showed a statistical difference (p<0.01) from control (0.85% sodium chloride) and S3 groups. Fungal growth less than 2×104 CFU/mL and an accentuation of the microbial death curve were observed after 30 minutes, with exception for S3 and control groups.Conclusion:The studied compounds, with the exception of Sodium Bicarbonate, have antifungal effect against C. albicans, which contribute for dental prostheses hygiene

An Assessment of Contaminants in UK Road-Verge Biomass and the Implications for Use as Anaerobic Digestion Feedstock

Biomass from harvested road-verge herbage has potential value as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion (AD) energy plants. However, the proximity to road traffic related pollution sources introduces the possibility of contamination by potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Potential sources of pollution from road traffic emissions are identified and the consequent likelihood of certain contaminants being present at elevated levels is assessed. Samples of road verge biomass harvested from selected locations in Lincolnshire UK for use in AD plants were analysed to produce a set of measurements for the presence of the contaminants of interest. The measured levels of these contaminants are compared to reported background levels in UK herbage and soils to assess if there is significant increased concentration in road-verge biomass. Samples of digestate from an AD plant using the road-verge biomass as feedstock were also analysed to determine if there is notable risk of transfer and concentration of contaminants into agricultural land where the digestate may be used for fertilisation. While elevated levels of contaminants were detected, they were not found in concentrations on road verge biomass at high enough levels to cause adverse effects or concerns for its safe use as an AD feedstock

Escolástico Escuela de Diseño Industrial

1. Análisis previo 2. Análisis funcional 3. Análisis orgánico 4. Listado y corridos del sistema 5. Manual técnico y de usuarioEn la actualidad mediante el desarrollo de los circuitos integrados en la electrónica se produjo el salto de incalculables proporciones, estos sucesos permitieron la difusión de los computadores y situaron a la Informática en una destacada posición. Nos hallamos en los albores de una nueva era y tenemos la certeza de que no podíamos estar ausentes de este increíble proceso. La tecnología ha avanzado a un paso impresionante, el aspecto más importante de cualquier sistema es el conocimiento humano y el uso de las ideas para aprovechar la computadora de manera que realice la tarea requerida. A menudo en nuestro medio hablamos de una tecnología avanzada y sofisticada como es la computación, pero sin embargo todavía en muchas Empresas e Instituciones ya sean Públicas o Privadas requieren de esta nueva Tecnología para el control de datos de una manera más ordenada y rápida acortando el tiempo y evitando los errores que se cometen manualmentePontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Escuela de SistemasTecnólogo en Sistema

Escolástico Escuela de Diseño Industrial

1. Análisis previo 2. Análisis funcional 3. Análisis orgánico 4. Listado y corridos del sistema 5. Manual técnico y de usuarioEn la actualidad mediante el desarrollo de los circuitos integrados en la electrónica se produjo el salto de incalculables proporciones, estos sucesos permitieron la difusión de los computadores y situaron a la Informática en una destacada posición. Nos hallamos en los albores de una nueva era y tenemos la certeza de que no podíamos estar ausentes de este increíble proceso. La tecnología ha avanzado a un paso impresionante, el aspecto más importante de cualquier sistema es el conocimiento humano y el uso de las ideas para aprovechar la computadora de manera que realice la tarea requerida. A menudo en nuestro medio hablamos de una tecnología avanzada y sofisticada como es la computación, pero sin embargo todavía en muchas Empresas e Instituciones ya sean Públicas o Privadas requieren de esta nueva Tecnología para el control de datos de una manera más ordenada y rápida acortando el tiempo y evitando los errores que se cometen manualmentePontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Escuela de SistemasTecnólogo en Sistema

Two-phase vertical downward flow in plate heat exchangers: Flow patterns and condensation mechanisms

This study presents a literature review of work related to the two-phase flow patterns of vertical downward flow in plate heat exchangers with corrugated chevron plates. An understanding of these flow patterns is crucial for developing accurate models of plate heat exchangers functioning as condensers or absorbers. Flow pattern maps of the previous studies are combined and translated to dimensionless forms. One of the proposed flow pattern maps is based on ReL versus FrTP,hor/Λ0.5 and performs better than other representations. This map is compared with the map of tubes and shows general agreements in terms of the pattern positions, but the separating lines between flow patterns fit poorly. Influencing factors of condensation mechanisms are presented, among which mass flux and vapor quality are dominant. The preferred flow pattern map explains the transition of condensation mechanisms qualitatively when variations of mass flux and vapor quality are considered. Recommendations are given to come to more uniform flow pattern maps in plate heat exchangers with chevron corrugations.Accepted Author ManuscriptEngineering Thermodynamic