Comparative effectiveness of inter-simple sequence repeat and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers to study genetic diversity of Indian Garcinia

A study to compare the effectiveness of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiling was carried out with a total of 65 DNA samples using 12 species of Indian Garcinia. ISSR and RAPD profiling were performed with 19 and 12 primers, respectively. ISSR markers generated a total number of 156 bands with 92 polymorphic bands, while RAPD markers produced a total of 134 bands with 80 polymorphic bands. Percentage of polymorphic loci in RAPD profiling was 60.4% while in ISSR profiling, it was 59.3%. Heterogeneity index was similar for the markers, 0.86 for ISSR and 0.89 for RAPD, indicating that both the marker systems are effective in determining polymorphism in Garcinia. ISSR markers showed clear distinction among the species whereas RAPD markers showed segregation based on geographical location as well as species based.Key words: Garcinia, genetic diversity, inter-simple sequence repeats, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, principal component analysis

Diversity study of leaf volatile oil constituent of Piper species based on GC/ MS and spatial distribution

Ten wild Piper species of Western Ghats were studied for leaf volatile oil constituents using GC/MS. The total number of major components (≥ 1%) in different species varied from 5 to 10. The leaf oil was rich in sesquiterpenoids. The most abundant compounds in Piper leaf oil of Western Ghats were β-Caryophyllene, Nerolidol and β - Elemene. Different accessions of P. nigrum collected from different parts of Western Ghats were used to study the spatial diversity of aroma with the help of DIVA GIS. The results indicated that the latitudinal influence was strong in aroma diversity. Total number of components varied from 17 to 73, while the major components found were 10 in P. nigrum leaves. The diversity index of the total component was 2.87. &nbsp

Isozyme diversity of Garcinia gummigutta (L.) N. Robson in Western Ghat region, South India

Isozyme genetic markers are efficient tools to study genetic variations within and betweenpopulations of less known wild species as well as for studies on spatial distribution of geneticvariation.  A study  was conducted with  four  important  isozyme markers namely, peroxidase,polyphenol oxidase, esterase and superoxide dismutase in Garcinia gummigutta  populationcollected from Western Ghats in South India. The cluster analysis of the marker bands showedthat most of the population from similar geographic locations was the first one to groupthemselves, though a significant pattern was not noticed. The mean percentage of polymorphicloci was 52.5%. Total heterozygocity was 0.97 which is consistent with the average of tropicaltree species. &nbsp

Diversity study of leaf volatile oil constituent of Piper species based on GC/ MS and spatial distribution

Ten wild Piper species of Western Ghats were studied for leaf volatile oil constituents using GC/MS. The total number of major components (≥ 1%) in different species varied from 5 to 10. The leaf oil was rich in sesquiterpenoids. The most abundant compounds in Piper leaf oil of Western Ghats were β-Caryophyllene, Nerolidol and β - Elemene. Different accessions of P. nigrum collected from different parts of Western Ghats were used to study the spatial diversity of aroma with the help of DIVA GIS. The results indicated that the latitudinal influence was strong in aroma diversity. Total number of components varied from 17 to 73, while the major components found were 10 in P. nigrum leaves. The diversity index of the total component was 2.87. &nbsp

Isozyme diversity of Garcinia gummigutta (L.) N. Robson in Western Ghat region, South India

Isozyme genetic markers are efficient tools to study genetic variations within and betweenpopulations of less known wild species as well as for studies on spatial distribution of geneticvariation.  A study  was conducted with  four  important  isozyme markers namely, peroxidase,polyphenol oxidase, esterase and superoxide dismutase in Garcinia gummigutta  populationcollected from Western Ghats in South India. The cluster analysis of the marker bands showedthat most of the population from similar geographic locations was the first one to groupthemselves, though a significant pattern was not noticed. The mean percentage of polymorphicloci was 52.5%. Total heterozygocity was 0.97 which is consistent with the average of tropicaltree species. &nbsp

Diversity study of leaf volatile oil constituent of Piper species based on GC/ MS and spatial distribution

Ten wild Piper species of Western Ghats were studied for leaf volatile oil constituents using GC/MS. The total number of major components (≥ 1%) in different species varied from 5 to 10. The leaf oil was rich in sesquiterpenoids. The most abundant compounds in Piper leaf oil of Western Ghats were β-Caryophyllene, Nerolidol and β - Elemene. Different accessions of P. nigrum collected from different parts of Western Ghats were used to study the spatial diversity of aroma with the help of DIVA GIS. The results indicated that the latitudinal influence was strong in aroma diversity. Total number of components varied from 17 to 73, while the major components found were 10 in P. nigrum leaves. The diversity index of the total component was 2.87. &nbsp

Volatile oil composition of four popular varieties of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.)

In the present study volatile oil profile of the four popular varities of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) namely Sawney, Varlangey, Ramla and Ramsey were studied in detail. The capsules contained 58.1- 68.1% seeds and 1.2-2.8% essential oil. By GC-MS analysis 23 constituents of the oil were identified with 1, 8- cineole as the chief component. Major constituents of the oil were ?-pinene (1.7-6.5%), ? - pinene (4.0-11.1%), 1, 8- cineole (63.2-73.4%) and ?- terpineol (5.6-7.6%). The oil contained high level of 1, 8- cineole when compared to small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomMaton). ? -Terpinyl acetate, the chief component of small cardamom oil was not detected in large cardamom. &nbsp

Humanity's Last Exam

Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 3,000 questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval. State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE, highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly release HLE at https://lastexam.ai

Humanity's Last Exam

Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 3,000 questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval. State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE, highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly release HLE at https://lastexam.ai