Shrimp Seed - A Critical Problem Faced by Shrimp Farmers - A Cross Sectional Analysis

Seed is a major input in shrimp farming and all the farmers and entrepreneurs depend on hatchery seeds. For expansion of brackishwater shrimp farming, a regular and steady supply of quality shrimp seeds in large quantities at a given time for stocking Is essential. Hatcheries are the source for the supply of quality hatchery seeds and stocking wild seeds Is banned. Presently, in Tamll Nadu there ore 68 shrimp hatcheries with a production capacity of 3000 million post-larvae. The survey was carried out In Nagapattinam and Thanjavur In two districts of Tamil Nadu. A sample of 300 shrimp farmers was Interviewed randomly for the study. This paper presents the prbblems pertaining to shrlmp seed encountered by the farmers and suggestions to overcome the same. The problems encountered by the farmers in both districts were lack of assurance on quality seeds, non-existence of government agency for regulating the price of seeds, high cost of seeds, non-availability of seeds from research institutes, inadequate supply of hatchery seeds, mortality of seeds during transportation, mixed seeds and deceptive method of counting the seeds. Suggestions given by them to overcome the problems were that the government research institutes should set up some mare hatcheries and virus free Nauplius shoutd be supplied to the farmers, assurance about seed quality from research institute and production of improved broodstock from government research laboratories. Since wjthout a heaithy broodstock shrimp farmers cannot hope to get quality seed, PCR was suggested as a sensitive diagnostic tool for detecting viral infection but due to various gaps in training this tool has not been used with consistent results

Factors responsible for discriminating between high and low adopter categories of shrimp farmers

Shrimp farming on a commercial scale has come to be the main stay, of the coastal economy of the country. Scientific shrimp farming is characterised by the adoption of improved technologies for getting a better yield both in terms of quantity and quality. Adoption of improved technologies is dependent upon a host of factors such as the perceived attributes of the technologyr the cost of the technologies and the policy environment in which the technologies are adopted

Time series modeling for forecasting the adoption behaviour of shrimp farmers

Commercial shrimp culture has emerged as a prominent sector of the coastal economy of India by virtue of the foreign exchange returns, rural employment it generates, and the economic viability of the enterprise and high market demand for the produce. The present study was conducted in Nellore and Nagapattinam districts a/India 10 forecast the adoption a/scientific technologies for a period of 17 years from 2004-2020, by the shrimp farmers using time series statistical modeling. The background data collected from 1997 to 2003 on the adoption behaviour of the farmers formed the database for predicting the adoption behaviour of the technologies. The study revealed that of the two statistical methods employed, namely Holt linear model and Holt exponential smoothing model, the goodness of fit generated by the Holt linear model with an R2 value 0/0.97 exhibited a higher degree of model adequacy over the Holt exponential smoothing model which revealed that in the years 2019 and 2020, the overall extent of adoption exceeded 100 percent which implies the development of new technologies by the research system and its subsequent adoption by the farmers. Besides factors such as changes in demography, demands in the export and local markets would motivate the shrimp fanners in future to adopt more of the improved technologies for getting higher yields

Soil Carbon in Agroforestry Systems: An Unexplored Treasure?

Soil organic matter (SOM), which contains more reactive organic carbon (C) than any other single terrestrial pool, plays a major role in determining C storage in ecosystems and regulating atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2)^1^. Agroforestry, the practice of growing trees and crops in interacting combinations on the same unit of land^2^, primarily by resource-poor smallholder farmers in developing countries, is recognized as a strategy for soil carbon sequestration (SCS) under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol^3^. The understanding about C storage and dynamics under agroforestry systems (AFS), however, is minimal. Our studies under various AFS in diverse ecological conditions in five countries showed that tree-based agricultural systems, compared to treeless systems, stored more C in deeper soil layers up to 1 m depth under comparable conditions. More C is stored in soil near the tree than away from the tree; higher SOC content is associated with higher species richness and tree density; and C3 plants (trees) contribute to more C in the silt- + clay-sized (<53 µm) fractions that constitute more stable C, than C4 plants, in deeper soil profiles4 - 8. These results provide clear indications of the possibilities for climate change mitigation through SCS in AFS, and opportunities for economic benefit - through carbon trading - to millions of smallholder farmers in developing countries

Women Writers of Sangam Era in Auvaiyar's Songs

A woman's language develops in order to create a new language of her own against the gendered stereotypes that are suppressed within cultural boundaries. Its main aim is to destroy the dominant norms taught by men. When trying to break it down, she should write about her sexual experiences without censoring them. They should not be afraid of social criticism. Auvaiyar's songs proves that the feminist writers who lived two thousand years ago never bothered about social criticism. Sangam songs follows tradition. The leadership of the patriarchal society is rooted in Sangam literature. However, the sentiments of women are recorded in the songs of feminist poets. Their  subconsciousness thoughts and voice in their works has also emerged as a woman's language. This article explores the subconscious experiences of Auvaiyar in Sangam literary  songs and feminine language of that sensory perception

Dialect in Contemporary Literature (Regional Dialects)

Language is the identity of society. Literature that emerges through these languages also reflects society. In that sense every literature is set up with every language style. That is to say, the literature that appeared in the Sanam period was based on the proverbial language style of the time. After that the language of prose takes shape. Prose is a form of writing that simply conveys ideas as if speaking without grammatical conventions. It was followed by the pre-independence literature of the quest for freedom. A few lawsuits have been filed in the political arena since independence. Thus the language is constantly changing from time to time. The vast majority of literature produced today is centered on the regional Languge. This Article moves on to the cause of such social change and the consequences of change on society

Kachippetu Nannakaiyar’s Songs

The writer's work reflects his society and environment. More than that his imagination and illustrations add beauty to the work. Among the Sangam literary works that sparkle with such beauty is Kurunthogai which contains four-hundred internal hymns. Kachippaettu Nannakaiyar is one of the women in this group. She has sung six songs related to the theme division. This essay examines how her literary style is shaped by the metaphors. The article is approached at four levels. In the first stage, the pathos of Kachippaettu Nannakaiyar are told through six songs. That is to say, her ethos is to prioritize practicality, to express the inherent psychology applicable to all periods, and to deal with natural metaphors as hes ethos. Secondly, it can be seen that her morals are consistent with the traditions of the sect. As a third stage, the woman feels the difference between the feelings of women's and men's separation are clearly explained. That means the songs of Kachippaettu Nannakaiyar are compared to the songs of Perungaduko who sang Palai thinai songs. The fourth stage is about Nannagaiyar who has written two sectarian songs in Kurunthogai. Since the essence of her concept and her name are the same, it is established that these two are one and the same. Analytical, descriptive and comparative research approaches are used in this article

Monolayer and bilayer graphene field effect transistor using Verilog-A

Monolayer and bilayer graphene field effect transistor modeling is presented in this paper. The transport model incorporated, works well for both drift diffusive and ballistic conditions. The validity of the model was checked for various device dimensions and bias voltages. Performance parameters affecting operation of graphene field effect transistor in various region of operation are optimized. Model was developed to verify transfer characteristics for monolayer and bilayer graphene field effect transistor. Results obtained prove the ambipolar property in Graphene. MATLAB is used for numerical modeling for systematic performance evaluation of parameters in graphene. The tool used to simulate the characteristics is cadence Verilog-A which describe analog component structure

Adaptive Vector Quantization for Improved Coding Efficiency

In this paper, we propose a novel method of improving the initial codebook for Vector Quantization (VQ) to compress still images. VQ is a simple and efficient compression technique which comprises of three phases: 1. Codebook Generation 2. Index Map Generation and 3. Image Reconstruction. Default codebook is generated first and is improved by refining the representative vectors called the code vectors. The codebook optimization technique proposed in this paper improves the quality of reconstructed images to a greater extent where the average bpp is decreased to a value of 0.79 which is a significant improvement. Benchmark images such as Lena, Kush, Cameraman, Barbara are tested with the proposed technique and this technique produces better results. &nbsp