Effects of preconditioning and extrusion of linseed on the ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids. 2. In vitro and in situ studies

The extent and/or intermediates of ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of fatty acids (FA) were investigated in vitro and in situ using a raw, pre-conditioned or extruded blend of linseed and wheat bran (70:30). The duration of in vitro incubations were 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 h, with 5 replicates. In situ studies used 3 dry ruminally fistulated Holstein cows in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 3 weeks adaptation to the linseed form. The diet contained 20% (DM basis) of the linseed based blend. The duration of in situ incubations were 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. BH was much slower in situ than in vitro, resulting in a much lower effective disappearance of C18:2 and C18:3. Moreover, the in situ technique suggested that the technological pre-treatment of linseed did not affect C18:2 and C18:3 rate of BH, whereas reduced rates were observed in vitro. After 8 h of in vitro incubation and onwards, proportions of cis-9,trans-11C18:2 were the highest with extruded linseed. The BH of FA from linseed resulted in the appearance of great proportions of trans-10+11 to trans-16C18:1 intermediates. Extrusion increased the proportions of trans-10+11C18:1 both in vitro and in situ and proportions or trans-C18:1 were higher in situ than in vitro. Compared to previous in vivo results with the same material, the in situ method provided poor estimates of BH rates and intermediates

Effects of preconditioning and extrusion of linseed on the ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids 1. In vivo studies

The extent and intermediates of ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of fatty acids (FA) from a blend of linseed and wheat bran (70:30) were investigated in the rumen fluid, rumen particle phase and duodenal flow. The blend was ground through a 3 mm screen and used raw or extruded, or was ground through a 6 mm screen and preconditioned. Three dry Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, with 18 days adaptation. The diet contained 20% (DM basis) of the linseed based blend. Twelve samples taken over 3 days were composited for analysis of rumen fluid, rumen particle phase and duodenal flow. The BH of FA from linseed resulted in the appearance of a great number of C18:1 intermediates, among which trans-10+11 to trans-16C18:1 were the most abundant. The proportion of cis-9,trans-11C18:2 was low. Preconditioning coarsely ground linseed resulted in a lower extent of C18:2 and C18:3 BH, and lower proportions of trans-12 to trans-16C18:1 intermediates than extrusion or a lack of processing of finely ground linseed. On the contrary, extrusion did not affect the extent of BH and had no significant effect on the proportions of trans-C18:1 intermediates, but increased the proportion of cis-9,trans-11C18:2 in both rumen phases. Different digesta types resulted in different estimates of BH. The extent of BH and the proportions of trans-C18:1 intermediates were lower in the rumen particle phase and higher in the rumen fluid than in the duodenum. Moreover, interactions between digesta type and treatment of linseed were observed

Effect of a submaxillary gland extract on Ehrlich tumor growth in mice

Ablation of host submaxillary glands modifies Ehrlich tumor growth and tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, possibly by modifications in the serum level of growth factors produced by this gland. To extend this research, 7-month-old male EPM-1 mice (N = 30) were divided into two groups: 1) inoculated with tumor cells previously incubated with submaxillary salivary gland extract (SGE) in PBS for 30 min at 37%; 2) inoculated with tumor cells previously incubated with PBS, under the same conditions. Animals were inoculated into the footpad with 40 µl of a suspension containing 4.5 x 107 tumor cells/ml, and footpad thickness was measured daily for 10 days. Sections and smears of tumor cells were prepared from the tumor mass to determine mitosis frequency, percent of tumor cells immunopositive to nerve (NGF) and epidermal (EGF) growth factors and percent of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes. The incubation of tumor cells with SGE produced a tumor reduction of about 30% in size (P<0.01). This effect was not related to loss of cell viability during incubation, but a 33% increase (P<0.05) in the percentage of dead or dying tumor cells and a 15% increase in the percent of NGF/EGF-positive tumor cells (P<0.01) were observed in vivo at the end of experiment. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and mitosis frequency did not differ between groups. These data suggest a direct effect of factors present in SGE on tumor cells, which induce degeneration of tumor cells.Universidade PaulistaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESPSciEL

Governance of Offshore IT Outsourcing at Shell Global Functions IT-BAM Development and Application of a Governance Framework to Improve Outsourcing Relationships

The lack of effective IT governance is widely recognized as a key inhibitor to successful global IT outsourcing relationships. In this study we present the development and application of a governance framework to improve outsourcing relationships. The approach used to developing an IT governance framework includes a meta model and a customization process to fit the framework to the target organization. The IT governance framework consists of four different elements (1) organisational structures, (2) joint processes between in- and outsourcer, (3) responsibilities that link roles to processes and (4) a diverse set of control indicators to measure the success of the relationship. The IT governance framework is put in practice in Shell GFIT BAM, a part of Shell that concluded to have a lack of management control over at least one of their outsourcing relationships. In a workshop the governance framework was used to perform a gap analysis between the current and desired governance. Several gaps were identified in the way roles and responsibilities are assigned and joint processes are set-up. Moreover, this workshop also showed the usefulness and usability of the IT governance framework in structuring, providing input and managing stakeholders in the discussions around IT governance

Lombalgie chronique, COTOREP et reclassement professionnel en Moselle

Objectifs : Décrire les caractéristiques, la prise en charge, les résultats et le coût d\u27un reclassement professionnel concernant les assurés mosellans lombalgiques chroniques bénéficiant d’un accord de la Commission technique d\u27orientation et de reclassement professionnel (COTOREP). Méthodes : Etude descriptive menée entre août 2000 et mars 2001 dans le cadre d\u27un partenariat avec la COTOREP de Moselle intégrant 48 lombalgiques chroniques pour lesquels la COTOREP a donné en 1995 un accord de pré-orientation ou de reclassement professionnels. Résultats : Le lombalgique pris en charge était un homme jeune, de faible niveau scolaire et professionnel, en rupture avec le milieu du travail et souffrant d\u27une pathologie lombaire invalidante. Sur 32 formations suivies, 24 candidats ont réussi leur examen mais seuls dix diplômés ont trouvé un emploi. Huit diplômés ont trouvé un emploi conforme à la formation apprise. Le taux de reprise du travail était semblable pour les diplômés (10/24) et pour les autres lombalgiques (11/24). Le coût global pour l\u27assurance maladie variait de 25 000 en externat à 39 000 en internat. Conclusion : Devant la faible valeur ajoutée du reclassement professionnel que nous avons constatée, il paraît souhaitable de maintenir le lombalgique chronique dans son emploi en restaurant son rachis, en aménageant son poste de travail et, surtout, en gérant ses peurs et croyances liées au couple lombalgietravail

Critical Behavior of Light

Light is shown to exhibit critical and tricritical behavior in passive mode-locked lasers with externally injected pulses. It is a first and unique example of critical phenomena in a one-dimensional many body light-mode system. The phase diagrams consist of regimes with continuous wave, driven para-pulses, spontaneous pulses via mode condensation, and heterogeneous pulses, separated by phase transition lines which terminate with critical or tricritical points. Enhanced nongaussian fluctuations and collective dynamics are observed at the critical and tricritical points, showing a mode system analog of the critical opalescence phenomenon. The critical exponents are calculated and shown to comply with the mean field theory, which is rigorous in the light system.Comment: RevTex, 5 pages, 3 figure

Emerg. Infect. Dis

The multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serotype Newport strain that produces CMY-2 β-lactamase(Newport MDR-AmpC) was the source of sporadic cases and outbreaks in humans in France during 2000–2005. Because this strain was not detected in food animals, it was most likely introduced into France through imported food products

Large-eddy simulation of the lid-driven cubic cavity flow by the spectral element method

This paper presents the large-eddy simulation of the lid-driven cubic cavity flow by the spectral element method (SEM) using the dynamic model. Two spectral filtering techniques suitable for these simulations have been implemented. Numerical results for Reynolds number $\text{Re}=12'000$ are showing very good agreement with other experimental and DNS results found in the literature

A Proposal of Business Model Design Parameters for Future Internet Carriers

Future Internet evolution requires innovative strategic stances and the design of original business models from actors involved in the ecosystem. The study focuses on Internet Carriers, recently striving to make their business sustainable, and proposes to enclose in a single reference framework all the critical levers, either consolidated or innovative, such actors can employ in order to design their value proposition, value network integration, and financial configuration. The framework grounds its findings on multiple case studies, and, by presenting an insightful list of business model parameters for Carriers, sheds light on key emerging strategic and tactical trends in the Internet interconnections market

The natural organosulfur compound dipropyltetrasulfide prevents HOCL-induced systemic sclerosis in the mouse

PublishedArticleIntroduction: The aim of this study was to test the naturally occurring organosulfur compound dipropyltetrasulfide (DPTTS) found in plants, which has antibiotic and anti-cancer properties, as a treatment of HOCl-induced systemic sclerosis in the mouse. Methods: The pro-oxidative, anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of DPTTS were evaluated ex vivo on fibroblasts from normal and HOCl-mice. In vivo, the anti-fibrotic and immunomodulating properties of DPTTS were evaluated in the skin and lungs of HOCl-mice. Results: H2O2 production was higher in fibroblasts derived from HOCl-mice than in normal fibroblasts (P<0.05). DPTTS did not increase H2O2 production in normal fibroblasts, but DPTTS dose-dependently increased H2O2 production in HOCl-fibroblasts (P<0.001 with 40μM DPTTS). Because H2O2 reached a lethal threshold in cells from HOCl-mice, the anti-proliferative, cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects of DPTTS were significantly higher in HOCl-fibroblasts than for normal fibroblasts. In vivo, DPTTS decreased dermal thickness (P<0.001), collagen content in skin (P<0.01) and lungs (P<0.05), SMA (P<0.01) and pSMAD2/3 (P<0.01) expression in skin, formation of advanced oxidation protein products and anti-DNA topoisomerase-1 antibodies in serum (P<0.05) versus untreated HOCl- mice. Moreover, in HOCl-mice, DPTTS reduced splenic B cell counts (P<0.01), the proliferative rates of B-splenocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (P<0.05) and T-splenocytes stimulated by anti-CD3/CD28 mAb (P<0.001). Ex vivo, it also reduced the production of IL-4 and IL-13 by activated T cells (P<0.05 in both cases). Conclusions: The natural organosulfur compound DPTTS prevents skin and lung fibrosis in the mouse through the selective killing of diseased fibroblasts and its immunomodulating properties. DPTTS may be a potential treatment of Systemic sclerosis.This work was supported by European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 215009 RedCat for financial support. The authors are grateful to Ms Agnes for her excellent typing of the manuscript