Ligand induced cleavage and nuclear localization of the rice XA21 immune receptor

The rice XA21 receptor confers immunity to the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, _Xanthomonas oryzae_ pv. _oryzae_ (_Xoo_) upon recognition of the conserved microbial signature AxY^S^22. Here, we demonstrate that the intracellular kinase domain of XA21 translocates to the nucleus upon AxY^S^22-mediated perception and that this translocation event is required for XA21-mediated immunity

Sub1 Rice: Engineering Rice for Climate Change.

By the year 2100, the number of people on Earth is expected to increase by ∼50%, placing increasing demands on food production in a time when a changing climate is predicted to compromise crop yields. Feeding this future world requires scientifically informed innovations in agriculture. Here, we describe how a rice gene conferring tolerance to prolonged submergence has helped farmers in South and Southeast Asia mitigate rice crop failure during floods. We discuss how planting of this new variety benefited socially disadvantaged groups. This example indicates that investment in agricultural improvement can protect farmers from risks associated with a changing climate

Historic Preservation Easements: A Proposal for Ohio

Americans have begun to recognize the importance of historically significant structures and places. Historic districts are being restored in many parts of the nation. This recognition has spawned the creation of a social value which places emphasis upon the preservation of historic properties. Historic places provide a physical link to society\u27s cultural history — a unique and irreplaceable connection to the past. More specifically, the protection of cultural resources has social importance since it encourages increased understanding and respect for the past and provides a source of architectural beauty for the future. Governmental promotion of protective policies for historic properties, therefore, satisfies intergenerational responsibilities both to the past and to the future. On a more pragmatic level, the preservation of historic districts has been shown to revitalize urban neighborhoods and bolster local economic conditions. Although historic resources command increasing respect in society, they are exceptionally vulnerable to “public and private interests, natural forces and a concept of progress oriented toward physical expansion and alteration of the environment.” The growing awareness of this fragility has resulted in the development of a number of legal techniques and governmental programs intended to protect historic properties. One such device is the historic preservation restriction. By legislative act, many states have sought to achieve a preservation policy by encouraging the use of conservation and historic preservation easements. These statutes authorize the creation of a new form of private property right which employs traditional property law concepts to accomplish a new purpose. This new right is a less-than-fee interest in land. By legislative action, the common law limitations associated with real covenants and easements have been eliminated, thereby producing a “novel interest in land that is freely assignable and enforceable against subsequent takers.” This interest, often termed a “preservation restriction,” permits a landowner to segment ownership rights and to convey the right to modify the physical appearance and use of lands and structures. By recognizing the existence of an alienable property right to preserve the physical appearance of buildings and places, states authorizing preservation restrictions have established a voluntary, nongovernmental technique for the conservation of cultural resources. This presents an attractive alternative or supplement to the traditional methods of public land use control which compel preservation through the exercise of the police power. In 1980 the Ohio Legislature enacted a statute recognizing “conservation easements” limited to the purpose of preserving open space and agricultural lands. It did not provide any protection for historically significant properties. It is argued that Ohio legislation should be expanded to allow the conservation easement technique to accommodate historic preservation objectives. This article will examine the sufficiency of existing Ohio law to allow the use of the preservation restrictions device for historic preservation purposes. First, public and private land use controls for the preservation of the cultural environment will be critically discussed. Second, there will be a brief exploration of the federal law pertaining to the preservation of historic properties. Third, the legislation of numerous other states9 which have authorized preservation restrictions will be examined in order to isolate the essential characteristics of an effective preservation restriction system. Fourth, the present Ohio historic preservation law will be described with special attention given to the limited way in which the preservation restriction concept has been incorporated into state law. Finally, recommendations for legislative amendment will be provided to improve the statutory framework thereby making preservation restrictions available for the protection of historic properties in the State of Ohio

Insider Experiences of The Qualitative Report’s Reviewing Process

We (Pamela, Tom, and Jenn) wanted to give you our insiders’ experiences of the manuscript submission and reviewing process at The Qualitative Report (TQR). Respectively, we are a researcher-author, an instructor-reviewer, and a student-reviewer who were involved in the reviewing process that resulted in the publication of Pamela’s TQR article: On Doctoral Student Development: Exploring Faculty Mentoring in the Shaping of African American Doctoral Student Success (Felder, in press). In this brief article, we will adopt a somewhat conversational approach to relating our individual and collective experiences. How we came to work together, what that work entailed, and our experiences of that collaborative work will be our focus. In short, we offer our insiders’ sense of (and reflections on) what happens to a manuscript from the time of its submission to the time of its publication at TQR

Clinical Laboratory Assessment of \u3cem\u3eMycoplasma genitalium\u3c/em\u3e Transcription-Mediated Amplification Using Primary Female Urogenital Specimens

Following analysis of primary cervix, vagina, and first-void female urine specimens for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis via commercial transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), residual material was subjected to Mycoplasma genitalium research-use-only TMA. Representation within a 2,478-specimen retrospective study set was established by comparison to a 6-month audit of clinical C. trachomatis TMA (12,999 specimens) on the basis of the C. trachomatis detection rate, specimen source distribution, clinic location, and age. M. genitalium was detected in 282 (11.4%) patients. This rate was higher than those seen with T. vaginalis (9.0%; P _ 0.005), C. trachomatis (6.2%), and N. gonorrhoeae (1.4%). Positive M. genitalium results were confirmed by repeat testing or alternative-target TMA at a rate of 98.7%. The mean age of the M. genitalium-infected females (24.7 years) was lower than that of the T. vaginalis-infected females (mean, 30.1 years; P\u3c0.0001) and higher than that of the C. trachomatis-infected females (mean, 23.8 years; P_0.003). Of 566 patient encounters positive for at least one sexually transmitted infection (STI), 35.9% exhibited sole detection of M. genitalium (P \u3c 0.0004 versus sole detection of other STI agents) and 26.1% were solely positive for T. vaginalis (P \u3c 0.0002 versus C. trachomatis). The M. genitalium and T. vaginalis detection rates among 755 patients at urban emergency departments were 14.6% and 13.0%, respectively (P _ 0.37). A 10.0% M. genitalium detection rate from other facilities exceeded that of T. vaginalis (7.2%; P _ 0.004). Incorporation of M. genitalium TMA into comprehensive testing programs would detect M. genitalium in a significant proportion of females, particularly those in outpatient obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) settings

Reduced expression of glycolate oxidase leads to enhanced disease resistance in rice

Glycolate oxidase (GLO) is a key enzyme in photorespiration, catalyzing the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate. Arabidopsis GLO is required for nonhost defense responses to Pseudomonas syringae and for tobacco Pto/AvrPto-mediated defense responses. We previously described identification of rice GLO1 that interacts with a glutaredoxin protein, which in turn interacts with TGA transcription factors. TGA transcription factors are well known to participate in NPR1/NH1-mediated defense signaling, which is crucial to systemic acquired resistance in plants. Here we demonstrate that reduction of rice GLO1 expression leads to enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo). Constitutive silencing of GLO1 leads to programmed cell death, resulting in a lesion-mimic phenotype and lethality or reduced plant growth and development, consistent with previous reports. Inducible silencing of GLO1, employing a dexamethasone-GVG (Gal4 DNA binding domain-VP16 activation domain-glucocorticoid receptor fusion) inducible system, alleviates these detrimental effects. Silencing of GLO1 results in enhanced resistance to Xoo, increased expression of defense regulators NH1, NH3, and WRKY45, and activation of PR1 expression

Ontogenetic alterations in molecular and structural correlates of dendritic growth after developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls.

ObjectivePerinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is associated with decreased IQ scores, impaired learning and memory, psychomotor difficulties, and attentional deficits in children. It is postulated that these neuropsychological deficits reflect altered patterns of neuronal connectivity. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of developmental PCB exposure on dendritic growth.MethodsRat dams were gavaged from gestational day 6 through postnatal day (PND) 21 with vehicle (corn oil) or the commercial PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 (6 mg/kg/day). Dendritic growth and molecular markers were examined in pups during development.ResultsGolgi analyses of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells indicated that developmental exposure to PCBs caused a pronounced age-related increase in dendritic growth. Thus, even though dendritic lengths were significantly attenuated in PCB-treated animals at PND22, the rate of growth was accelerated at later ages such that by PND60, dendritic growth was comparable to or even exceeded that observed in vehicle controls. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated that from PND4 through PND21, PCBs generally increased expression of both spinophilin and RC3/neurogranin mRNA in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cortex with the most significant increases observed in the cortex.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that developmental PCB exposure alters the ontogenetic profile of dendritogenesis in critical brain regions, supporting the hypothesis that disruption of neuronal connectivity contributes to neuropsychological deficits seen in exposed children

Phylogenomics databases for facilitating functional genomics in rice

The completion of whole genome sequence of rice (Oryza sativa) has significantly accelerated functional genomics studies. Prior to the release of the sequence, only a few genes were assigned a function each year. Since sequencing was completed in 2005, the rate has exponentially increased. As of 2014, 1,021 genes have been described and added to the collection at The Overview of functionally characterized Genes in Rice online database (OGRO). Despite this progress, that number is still very low compared with the total number of genes estimated in the rice genome. One limitation to progress is the presence of functional redundancy among members of the same rice gene family, which covers 51.6 % of all non-transposable element-encoding genes. There remain a significant portion or rice genes that are not functionally redundant, as reflected in the recovery of loss-of-function mutants. To more accurately analyze functional redundancy in the rice genome, we have developed a phylogenomics databases for six large gene families in rice, including those for glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases, kinases, transcription factors, transporters, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. In this review, we introduce key features and applications of these databases. We expect that they will serve as a very useful guide in the post-genomics era of research