BioTIME 2.0: Expanding and Improving a Database of Biodiversity Time Series

Motivation Here, we make available a second version of the BioTIME database, which compiles records of abundance estimates for species in sample events of ecological assemblages through time. The updated version expands version 1.0 of the database by doubling the number of studies and includes substantial additional curation to the taxonomic accuracy of the records, as well as the metadata. Moreover, we now provide an R package (BioTIMEr) to facilitate use of the database. Main Types of Variables Included The database is composed of one main data table containing the abundance records and 11 metadata tables. The data are organised in a hierarchy of scales where 11,989,233 records are nested in 1,603,067 sample events, from 553,253 sampling locations, which are nested in 708 studies. A study is defined as a sampling methodology applied to an assemblage for a minimum of 2 years. Spatial Location and Grain Sampling locations in BioTIME are distributed across the planet, including marine, terrestrial and freshwater realms. Spatial grain size and extent vary across studies depending on sampling methodology. We recommend gridding of sampling locations into areas of consistent size. Time Period and Grain The earliest time series in BioTIME start in 1874, and the most recent records are from 2023. Temporal grain and duration vary across studies. We recommend doing sample-level rarefaction to ensure consistent sampling effort through time before calculating any diversity metric. Major Taxa and Level of Measurement The database includes any eukaryotic taxa, with a combined total of 56,400 taxa. Software Format csv and. SQL

The contest for a community diagnostic laboratory contract in New Zealand: The influence of neo-liberalism in the public health sector

Introduction: The purpose of this paper was to examine the management of contracting for a diagnostic laboratory health service for the Auckland region in New Zealand, using the concept of governmentality. Methods: Our aim is to provide an overview of a recent case of neoliberal policy implementation, to illustrate how unintended and costly policy outcomes can occur. Results: Despite the effort of government to improve management of the public health sector, analysis of this case reveals the potentially disruptive effects and costs of neo-liberal reform policy. Conclusions: In this study, the costs of neo-liberal reform appear to have unintentionally prevailed over benefits for those the system was designed to serve. Contribution to knowledge: This research has practical implications in that it provides insight into potential and costly outcomes when implementing public health service policy. © W. S. Maney & Son Ltd 2014

'Acting like chameleons’: on the McDonaldization of private security

Private security is a fragmented industry with tens of thousands of small- and medium-sized suppliers worldwide. However, with the arrival in the market of multinational brands such as Group 4 Securicor and Securitas, we are witnessing a McDonaldization of security commodities. This development signals the global introduction of recognizable logos and uniforms along with standardized services and products. After providing the latest statistics on the growth of private security in Europe, we give examples of how the McDonaldization of this industry is evolving throughout the continent. Our examples illustrate that, following the lead of traditional corporate customers, governments have also started to use contract guards and other private security services. This article also addresses the driving forces behind the rise of multinational security companies, and the opportunities and challenges they present to Western societies. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Ltd