Brazilian recreational fisheries: current status, challenges and future direction.

Recreational fisheries in Brazil have increased in importance and attracted many foreign recreational fishers. The objectives of this article were to summarise the available data on Brazilian recreational fisheries, to discuss some of their features and to analyse how they are performing in different regions compared with international trends. A review of published and unpublished sources together with data from recreational fishing licences was used. The participation rate was low (0.9%). Overall, there was a high diversity of fish species, with the following species/group of species repeatedly reported: Menticirrhus spp., Centropomus spp., Cynoscion spp., and Micropogonias furnieri (marine/estuarine water), and Cichla spp., Hoplias malabaricus, and Piaractus mesopotamicus, together with the introduced Oreochromis niloticus and Coptodon rendalli (fresh water). The north-eastern region differs from the other regions: fishing occurs mostly in marine waters and fishers acquire mainly shore-based licences, have minimum fishing expenditures and rarely release fishes. There is no estimate of the total harvest or economic value. Conflicts include catch-and-release-oriented freshwater and marine recreational fishers vs consumption-oriented coastal fishers, tournament participants vs non-participants, commercial fishers and other leisure activities, pollution, ports, species introductions and translocations, protected areas, and federal and state laws. Cases of smooth shifts from artisanal to recreational fishing were detected, possibly associated with changes in the societal relationship with natural resources

Cyclodextrins for Essential Oils Applications

International audiencehere is a growing interest for the aromatic and biological properties of essential oils, as alternatives to synthetic chemicals. Nonetheless, essential oils and their components are poorly soluble in water, and are highly sensitive to degradation and evaporation. Encapsulation in cyclodextrins can reduce these drawbacks and improve the properties of essential oils. Cyclodextrins are non-toxic cyclic oligosaccharides obtained by enzymatic degradation of starch. Cyclodextrins inclusion complexes find applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.This chapter reviews encapsulation of essential oils in cyclodextrins. The strength of binding between cyclodextrins and essential oils components covers a wide range of formation constants with values ranging from 13 to 166,338 M−1. The encapsulation in cyclodextrins increases the aqueous solubility of essential oils up to 16-fold and reduces oil photodegradation rates up to 44-fold, while ensuring gradual release of oils. This chapter also discusses the effect of encapsulation on biological activities such as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oils. Biological effects depend on the nature and concentrations of essential oils and cyclodextrin, the tested microorganism, and other factors. Emerging cyclodextrin-based approaches for textiles and nanofibers are also discussed