Berpolitik Lewat Partai Politik : Ulasan Etis Atas suatu Bentuk Manifestasi Politik

Aristotle said that human being is a zoon politikon (commonly understood as "social being"). How does his/her political dimension express itself in real life within society? Since political dimension has something to do with society as a whole, thus anyone actually has a political attitude and already acts politically as far as his/her attitude and doing affect society. In this sense, being active in a political party or the party itself can be considered as a manifestation of human nature as political being, precisely because the party has society as its orientation. Political Ethic first of all wants to search and determine fundamental norms and principles of managing a society and governing a state. Every political party and government then must observe these norms and principles. They are principle of equality, principle of freedom, principle of solidarity and principle of utility. These four principles have to be followed by the state, while performing the principle of subsidiary. Furthermore the state has a duty and responsibility to accomplish social welfare and guarantee social justice. So, what is the task of political party? On one hand, maintaining all the fundamental principles and state's duties above mentioned, it has to control and influence the actual government, if it isn't part of this. On the other, it must preserve all those ethical norms while performing the state's governance, in case it holds the government or takes part of it

A conceptual approach for estimating resilience to fuel shocks

We examine a conceptual approach to the estimation of resilience of transport systems to fuel shocks, i.e. a severe and long lasting reduction in the availability of fuel for motorised transport. Adaptive capacity is an element of resilience and is defined in the paper. There is currently no indicator of adaptive capacity of individuals in small geographies sensitive to a variety of policy measures, such as those affecting fitness, obesity, bicycle availability and bicycle infrastructure, whose impacts (at least in the short term) are on a smaller scale than large-scale land use and urban morphology change. We propose a conceptual approach for designing a method to quantify this indicator. The indicator shows the proportion of the population of areas who would have the capacity to commute to work principally by bicycle or walking following the shock. It assesses capacity grounded in current data and avoids as far as possible the need for speculation about the future. We believe this makes progress towards producing a good indicator with relatively un-controversial, transparent simplifying assumptions. The indicator can compare the resilience of different areas and can be updated over time

Construction Cost Sensitivity of a Lignocellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery

The technology has been developed to convert feedstock with cellulose content into ethanol. However, ethanol produced from cellulosic feedstock is the same as ethanol distilled from grain. The objective of research is to determine the price per gallon of ethanol needed so that producing lignocellulosic based ethanol become economically feasible.Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics,

Kehadiran Bakteri Coliform Dalam Es Batu Pada Tiga Rumah Makan Ayam Goreng Siap Saji Di Bandung

Some reports have shown that ice cubes may contain Enterobacteriaceae bacteria. This descriptive, observational research aims to analyze the microbiological quality of the ice cubes served at three selected restaurants  (1,2,3).  Three  samples  of  ice  cubes  were  rinsed  with  steril  water,  left  melted,  and  diluted serially.  Each  diluted  sample  was  inoculated  into  MacConkey  Agar  and  EMB  Agar  with  pour  plate method duplo. The data collected were the number of colonies (interpreted as cfu or colony forming unit) of Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae bacteria. The species of selected colonies were identified by  biochemical reactions. The result showed that sample 1 contained 3 cfu/ml Escherichia coli and 5 cfu/ml Pseudomonas  sp.  Sample  2  contained  10  cfu/ml  Escherichia  coli  and  4  cfu/ml  Pseudomonas  sp.,  but sample 3 didn’t contain Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae bacteria members. It is concluded that ice cubes from restaurant 3 met the requirement for drinking water, whereas those from restaurants 1 and 2 did not. &nbsp

Keberadaan Salmonella Dan Bakteri Coliform Pada Bumbu Kacang Baso Tahu

“Baso tahu” is common food.  Salmonella and colifom bacteria commonly contaminate foods.  The presence of both groups was examined from “baso tahu” peanut thick sauce, by growing it on SS agar and MacConkey agar respectively.  Results of biochemical test showed Salmonella did not contaminate it.  The thick sauce was contaminated by 2895,4 coliform bacteria per gr (on average), which exceeded the standard

Brain Damage Due to Excessive Glycine Diet Related to NR2B Protein

Damaged brain will lower the quality of life. Several efforts to prevent brain damage have been performed, including the studies to understand the brain damage mechanisms and to find the drugs to prevent further damages. One of the brain damage mechanisms after the trauma caused by ischemia, infection, etc. is the exitotoxic reaction triggered by excessive Ca2+ influx into the neuron. The influx is facilitated by ion channel at neuron, and the performance of this channel is influenced by its subunits, such as NR1, NR2A-D, and NR3A,B. The NR1 subunit helps the opening of the channel after binding Glycine, while the NR2B subunit helps the opening after binding Glutamate. Glycine and Glutamate are ligands working as coagonist to each other. The presence of excessive Glycine is considered to increase the Ca2+ influx, which can lead to neuronal death through apoptotic pathway. Therefore, brain-damage patients’ intake of foodstuff rich in Glycine should be controlled to prevent them from further damage

Akurasi Deteksi Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Dengan Teknik PCR Menggunakan “Primer X” Dibandingkan Dengan Pemeriksaan Mikroskopik (BTA) Dan Kultur Sputum Penderita Dengan Gejala Tuberkulosis Paru

Akhir-akhir ini, terjadi peningkatan jumlah penderita tuberkulosis. Guna pembe-rantasan penyakit TBC, diagnosis dan deteksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis menjadi amat penting. Deteksi tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), pemeriksaan mikroskopik, dan kultur bakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai sensitivitas, spesifisitas, dan akurasi deteksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis dalam sputum penderita TBC paru dengan teknik PCR dibandingkan pemeriksaan secara mikroskopik (Bakteri Tahan Asam/BTA) dan kultur bakteri TBC dalam sputum.Penelitian ini merupakan suatu uji diagnostik yang dirancang secara cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap penderita TB paru di BP4 Jl Cibadak Bandung, mulai April 2004 sampai dengan Agustus 2004.Pemeriksaan sputum penderita dilakukan dengan tiga teknik pemeriksaan, yaitu dengan teknik PCR, pemeriksaan BTA secara mikroskopik, dan kultur bakteri.Dibandingkan dengan pemeriksaan Bakteri Tahan Asam secara mikroskospik, deteksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis dengan teknik PCR memiliki sensitivitas 30%, spesifisitas 80%, dan akurasi 47%. Uji kemaknaan dengan Mc Nemar memberikan hasil adanya perbedaan yang bermakna. (p < 0,01).Dibandingkan dengan metode kultur bakteri TBC, deteksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis dengan teknik PCR memiliki sensitivitas 65%, spesifisitas 40%, dan akurasi 57%. Uji kemaknaan dengan Mc Nemar memberikan hasil tidak adanya perbedaan yang bermakna. (p = 1,0). Dibandingkan dengan pemeriksaan Bakteri Tahan Asam secara mikroskospik, deteksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis dengan metode kultur bakteri TBC memiliki sensitivitas 31,6%, spesifisitas 81,8%, dan akurasi 50%. Uji kemaknaan dengan Mc Nemar memberikan hasil adanya perbedaan yang bermakna. (p < 0,01).Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa deteksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis dengan teknik PCR sama baiknya dengan kultur bakteri TBC, namun waktu pemeriksaan dengan teknik PCR lebih singkat dibandingkan dengan kultur bakteri TBC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis banyak tidak terdeteksi dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopik (BTA

Analisis DNA Bacillus SP. BAC4 Hasil Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Dengan Primer-Primer Yang Dirancang Dari Gen Pga

Bacillus sp. BAC4 DNA was amplified using PCR method employing primers designed from pga genes of 5 bacteria (Arthrobacter viscosus, Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli, Kluyvera citrophila, and Providentia rettgeri). Analysis  of DNA base direct sequencing of PCR products showed the highest homology of Bacillus sp. BAC4 DNA with Bacillus subtilis DNA at the region from citG to yirG.  This fact states that primers designed from pga genes of 5 bacteria has not been successful in amplifying Bacillus sp. BAC4 pga gene, and that Bacillus sp.  BAC4 pga gene is predicted to be quite different from the existing data of pga genes available at Genbank.  Analysis of DNA base direct sequencing amplified using the pga primers shows the highest homology to the DNA of Bacillus subtilis

Pricing Discretely Monitored Asian Options by Maturity Randomization

We present methodologies to price discretely monitored Asian options when the underlying evolves according to a generic Levy process. For geometric Asian options we provide closed-form solutions in terms of the Fourier transform and we study in particular these formulas in the Levy-stable case. For arithmetic Asian options we solve the valuation problem by recursive integration and derive a recursive theoretical formula for the moments to check the accuracy of the results. We compare the implementation of our method to Monte Carlo simulation implemented with control variates and using different parametric Levy processes. We also discuss model-risk issues