Resilience of Alternative Stable States during the Recovery of Shallow Lakes from Eutrophication: Lake Veluwe as a Case Study

In this paper we analyze a long-term dataset on the recovery from eutrophication of Lake Veluwe (The Netherlands). Clear hysteresis was observed in a number of ecosystem variables: the route to recovery differed significantly from the route that led to loss of clear water. The macrophyte dominated state disappeared in the late 1960s at TP above 0.20mgl−1, whereas its return occurred at less than 0.10mgTPl−1. Several regime shifts resulting in the occurrence of three alternative stable states were observed over a period of 30years. The turbid state showed resistance to change, despite a strong and prompt reduction in Chl-a following reduction of external P-loading. The most important component that determined hysteresis in the return to clear water was not internal P-loading, but a high level of nonalgal light attenuation (through sediment resuspension) maintained by the interaction between wind and benthivorous fish. Although Chara was able to re-colonize the most shallow parts of the lake, recovery stalled and for a number of years clear (above charophyte beds) and turbid (deeper parts of the lake) water co-existed, as a separate alternative state on route to full recovery. Lake-wide clear water was re-established after bream density had been reduced substantially. This allowed a return of zebra mussels to the lake, whose high filtration capacity helped in maintaining clear water. In this study, we were able to identify the main drivers of hysteresis and regime shifts, although formal demonstration of cause and effect was not possible on the basis of field data alone. We argue that resilience of the present clear water state of Lake Veluwe very much depends on sizable populations of a few keystone species, especially Chara (stoneworts) and Dreissena (zebra mussels), and that careful management of these species is equally important as control of nutrients. Lake management should strive to maintain and strengthen resilience of the ecosystem, and this should offer protection against a renewed collapse of the clear stat

Macrophyte assessment in European lakes: Diverse approaches but convergent views of 'good' ecological status

The European Water Framework Directive has been adopted by Member States to assess and manage the ecological integrity of surface waters. Specific challenges include harmonizing diverse assessment systems across Europe, linking ecological assessment to restoration measures and reaching a common view on ‘good’ ecological status. In this study, nine national macrophyte-based approaches for assessing ecological status were compared and harmonized, using a large dataset of 539 European lakes. A macrophyte common metric, representing the average standardized view of each lake by all countries, was used to compare national methods. This was also shown to reflect the total phosphorus (r2 = 0.32), total nitrogen (r2 = 0.22) as well as chlorophyll-a (r2 = 0.35–0.38) gradients, providing a link between ecological data, stressors and management decisions. Despite differing assessment approaches and initial differences in classification, a consensus was reached on how type-specific macrophyte assemblages change across the ecological status gradient and where ecological status boundaries should lie. A marked decline in submerged vegetation, especially Charophyta (characterizing ‘good’ status), and an increase in abundance of free-floating plants (characterizing ‘less than good’ status) were the most significant changes along the ecological status gradient. Macrophyte communities of ‘good’ status lakes were diverse with many charophytes and several Potamogeton species. A large number of taxa occurred across the entire gradient, but only a minority dominated at ‘less than good’ status, including filamentous algae, lemnids, nymphaeids, and several elodeids (e.g., Zannichellia palustris and Elodea nuttallii). Our findings establish a ‘guiding image’ of the macrophyte community at ‘good’ ecological status in hard-water lakes of the Central-Baltic region of Europe

Discovering novel germline genetic variants linked to severe fluoropyrimidine-related toxicity in- and outside <i>DPYD</i>

Background: The Alpe-DPD study (NCT02324452) demonstrated that prospective genotyping and dose-individualization using four alleles in DPYD (DPYD*2A/rs3918290, c.1236G &gt; A/rs75017182, c.2846A &gt; T/rs67376798 and c.1679 T &gt; G/rs56038477) can mitigate the risk of severe fluoropyrimidine toxicity. However, this could not prevent all toxicities. The goal of this study was to identify additional genetic variants, both inside and outside DPYD, that may contribute to fluoropyrimidine toxicity. Methods: Biospecimens and data from the Alpe-DPD study were used. Exon sequencing was performed to identify risk variants inside DPYD. In silico and in vitro analyses were used to classify DPYD variants. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) with severe fluoropyrimidine-related toxicity was performed to identify variants outside DPYD. Association with severe toxicity was assessed using matched-pair analyses for the exon sequencing and logistic, Cox, and ordinal regression analyses for GWAS. Results: Twenty-four non-synonymous, frameshift, and splice site DPYD variants were detected in ten of 986 patients. Seven of these variants (c.1670C &gt; T, c.1913 T &gt; C, c.1925 T &gt; C, c.506delC, c.731A &gt; C, c.1740 + 1G &gt; T, c.763 − 2A &gt; G) were predicted to be deleterious. The carriers of either of these variants showed a trend towards a 2.14-fold (95% CI, 0.41–11.3, P = 0.388) increased risk of severe toxicity compared to matched controls (N = 30). After GWAS of 942 patients, no individual single nucleotide polymorphisms achieved genome-wide significance (P ≤ 5 × 10−8), however, five variants were suggestive of association (P &lt; 5 × 10−6) with severe toxicity. Conclusions: Results from DPYD exon sequencing and GWAS analysis did not identify additional genetic variants associated with severe toxicity, which suggests that testing for single markers at a population level currently has limited clinical value. Identifying additional variants on an individual level is still promising to explain fluoropyrimidine-related severe toxicity. In addition, studies with larger samples sizes, in more diverse cohorts are needed to identify potential clinically relevant genetic variants related to severe fluoropyrimidine toxicity.</p

Discovering novel germline genetic variants linked to severe fluoropyrimidine-related toxicity in- and outside DPYD

Background: The Alpe-DPD study (NCT02324452) demonstrated that prospective genotyping and dose-individualization using four alleles in DPYD (DPYD*2A/rs3918290, c.1236G > A/rs75017182, c.2846A > T/rs67376798 and c.1679 T > G/rs56038477) can mitigate the risk of severe fluoropyrimidine toxicity. However, this could not prevent all toxicities. The goal of this study was to identify additional genetic variants, both inside and outside DPYD, that may contribute to fluoropyrimidine toxicity. Methods: Biospecimens and data from the Alpe-DPD study were used. Exon sequencing was performed to identify risk variants inside DPYD. In silico and in vitro analyses were used to classify DPYD variants. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) with severe fluoropyrimidine-related toxicity was performed to identify variants outside DPYD. Association with severe toxicity was assessed using matched-pair analyses for the exon sequencing and logistic, Cox, and ordinal regression analyses for GWAS. Results: Twenty-four non-synonymous, frameshift, and splice site DPYD variants were detected in ten of 986 patients. Seven of these variants (c.1670C > T, c.1913 T > C, c.1925 T > C, c.506delC, c.731A > C, c.1740 + 1G > T, c.763 − 2A > G) were predicted to be deleterious. The carriers of either of these variants showed a trend towards a 2.14-fold (95% CI, 0.41–11.3, P = 0.388) increased risk of severe toxicity compared to matched controls (N = 30). After GWAS of 942 patients, no individual single nucleotide polymorphisms achieved genome-wide significance (P ≤ 5 × 10−8), however, five variants were suggestive of association (P < 5 × 10−6) with severe toxicity. Conclusions: Results from DPYD exon sequencing and GWAS analysis did not identify additional genetic variants associated with severe toxicity, which suggests that testing for single markers at a population level currently has limited clinical value. Identifying additional variants on an individual level is still promising to explain fluoropyrimidine-related severe toxicity. In addition, studies with larger samples sizes, in more diverse cohorts are needed to identify potential clinically relevant genetic variants related to severe fluoropyrimidine toxicity

Defining ecologically relevant water quality targets for lakes in Europe

1. The implementation of the Water Framework Directive requires EU member states to establish and harmonise ecological status class boundaries for biological quality elements. In this paper, we describe an approach for defining ecological class boundaries that delineates shifts in lake ecosystem functioning and, therefore, provide ecologically meaningful targets for water policy in Europe. 2. We collected an extensive dataset of 810 lake-years from nine Central European countries, and we used phytoplankton chlorophyll-a, a metric widely used to measure the impact of eutrophication in lakes. Our approach establishes chlorophyll-a target values in relation to three significant ecological effects of eutrophication: the decline of aquatic macrophytes, the dominance of potentially harmful cyanobacteria and the major functional switch from a clear-water to a turbid state. 3. Ranges of threshold chlorophyll-a concentrations are given for the two most common lake types in lowland Central Europe: for moderately deep lakes (mean depth 3-15 m), the greatest ecological shifts occur in the range 10-12 µg L-1 chlorophyll-a, and for shallow lakes (<3 m mean depth), in the range 21-23 µg L-1 chlorophyll-a. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our study provides class boundaries for determining the ecological status of lakes, which have robust ecological consequences for lake functioning and which, therefore, provide strong and objective targets for sustainable water management in Europe. The results have been endorsed by all participant member states and adopted in the European Commission legislation (EC 2008), marking the first attempt in international water policy to move from physico-chemical quality standards to harmonised ecologically based quality targets

Trend-analysis of eutrophication variables in lakes in The Netherlands

A trend-analysis of eutrophication variables was performed for a large number of lakes in The Netherlands. Data of in total 231 lakes were available. Data on chlorophyll-a, total phosphorus (total-P) and total nitrogen (total-N) were analysed over the period 1980-1996. Summer-averaged concentrations for chlorophyll-a, total-P and total-N decreased in respectively 65%, 73% and 75 of the lakes with at least eight years data between 1980 and 1996. Results for winter means were comparable (a negative trend in 54%, 77% and 69% for concentrations of chlorophyll-a, total-P and total-N respectively). Since 1980 the median decrease in the summer averaged concentrations of chlorophyll-a, total-P and total-N is 2.61 μg l−1 y−1, 0.008 mg l−1 y−1 and 0.046 mg l−1 y−1, respectively, illustrating the effects of (inter)national and regional measures to combat eutrophication.</jats:p

Defining ecologically relevant water quality targets for lakes in Europe

1. The implementation of the Water Framework Directive requires EU member states to establish and harmonize ecological status class boundaries for biological quality elements. In this paper we describe an approach for defining ecological class boundaries that represent shifts in lake ecosystem functioning and, therefore, provide ecologically meaningful targets for water policy in Europe. 2. We collected an extensive dataset of 810 lake-years from nine Central European countries, and we used phytoplankton chlorophyll-a, a metric widely used internationally to measure the impact of eutrophication in lakes. Our approach establishes chlorophyll-a target values in relation to three significant ecological effects of eutrophication: the decline of aquatic macrophytes, the dominance of potentially harmful cyanobacteria and the major functional switch from a clear-water to a turbid state. 3. Ranges of threshold chlorophyll-a concentrations are given for the two most common lake types in lowland Central Europe: for shallow lakes (mean depth 3-15 m) the biggest ecological shifts occur in the range 8-12 µg L-1 chlorophyll-a and for very shallow lakes (<3 m mean depth) - in the range 21-25 µg L-1 chlorophyll-a. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our study delivers class boundaries for determining ecological status of lakes which have robust ecological consequences for lake functioning and which, therefore, provide strong and objective targets for sustainable water management in Europe. The results have been endorsed by all participant member states, included in the European Commission legislation (EC 2008), marking the first attempt in international water policy to move from physico-chemical quality standards to harmonised ecologically-based quality targets.JRC.H.1-Water Resource

Resilience of alternative stable states during the recovery of shallow lakes from eutrophication: Lake Veluwe as a case study

In this paper we analyze a long-term dataset on the recovery from eutrophication of Lake Veluwe (The Netherlands). Clear hysteresis was observed in a number of ecosystem variables: the route to recovery differed significantly from the route that led to loss of clear water. The macrophyte dominated state disappeared in the late 1960s at TP above 0.20 mg l(-1), whereas its return occurred at less than 0.10 mg TP l(-1). Several regime shifts resulting in the occurrence of three alternative stable states were observed over a period of 30 years. The turbid state showed resistance to change, despite a strong and prompt reduction in Chl-alpha following reduction of external P-loading. The most important component that determined hysteresis in the return to clear water was not internal P-loading, but a high level of nonalgal light attenuation (through sediment resuspension) maintained by the interaction between wind and benthivorous fish. Although Chara was able to re-colonize the most shallow parts of the lake, recovery stalled and for a number of years clear (above charophyte beds) and turbid (deeper parts of the lake) water co-existed, as a separate alternative state on route to full recovery. Lake-wide clear water was re-established after bream density had been reduced substantially. This allowed a return of zebra mussels to the lake, whose high filtration capacity helped in maintaining clear water. In this study, we were able to identify the main drivers of hysteresis and regime shifts, although formal demonstration of cause and effect was not possible on the basis of field data alone. We argue that resilience of the present clear water state of Lake Veluwe very much depends on sizable populations of a few keystone species, especially Chara (stoneworts) and Dreissena (zebra mussels), and that careful management of these species is equally important as control of nutrients. Lake management should strive to maintain and strengthen resilience of the ecosystem, and this should offer protection against a renewed collapse of the clear state