"So many people going the other way" : an examination of the moral strategy of language usage in five novels by Janet Frame : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English at Massey University

The title quotation is from Janet Frame's novel, Living in the Maniototo (72). Abbreviations and editions of the five primary sources referred to in the text are as follows: EA The Edge of the Alphabets London: W.H. Allen & Co., 1962. SG Scented Gardens for the Blind. London: The Women's Press Ltd., 1982. SS A State of Siege. London: Sirius, 1989. LM Living in the Maniototo. London: The Women's Press Ltd., 1981. CP The Carpathians. London: Century Hutchinson Ltd., 1988. Some of the ideas developed in the chapter on Living in the Maniototo were first sketched out in a paper on that novel (39.498) written in 1990. I wish to thank my supervisor, Dr William Broughton, for his influence and patient guidance in the preparation of this thesis. Sincere thanks also to my husband, Geoff, and our children Mark and Bronwyn for their enthusiastic support

Lawn Establishment

PDF pages: 1

A practical, covariant puncture for second-order self-force calculations

Accurately modeling an extreme-mass-ratio inspiral requires knowledge of the second-order gravitational self-force on the inspiraling small object. Recently, numerical puncture schemes have been formulated to calculate this force, and their essential analytical ingredients have been derived from first principles. However, the \emph{puncture}, a local representation of the small object's self-field, in each of these schemes has been presented only in a local coordinate system centered on the small object, while a numerical implementation will require the puncture in coordinates covering the entire numerical domain. In this paper we provide an explicit covariant self-field as a local expansion in terms of Synge's world function. The self-field is written in the Lorenz gauge, in an arbitrary vacuum background, and in forms suitable for both self-consistent and Gralla-Wald-type representations of the object's trajectory. We illustrate the local expansion's utility by sketching the procedure of constructing from it a numerically practical puncture in any chosen coordinate system.Comment: 23 pages, 1 figure, final version to be published in Phys Rev

Linear-in-mass-ratio contribution to spin precession and tidal invariants in Schwarzschild spacetime at very high post-Newtonian order

Using black hole perturbation theory and arbitrary-precision computer algebra, we obtain the post-Newtonian (pN) expansions of the linear-in-mass-ratio corrections to the spin-precession angle and tidal invariants for a particle in circular orbit around a Schwarzschild black hole. We extract coefficients up to 20pN order from numerical results that are calculated with an accuracy greater than 1 part in $10^{500}$. These results can be used to calibrate parameters in effective-one-body models of compact binaries, specifically the spin-orbit part of the effective Hamiltonian and the dynamically significant tidal part of the main radial potential of the effective metric. Our calculations are performed in a radiation gauge, which is known to be singular away from the particle. To overcome this irregularity, we define suitable Detweiler-Whiting singular and regular fields in this gauge, and we devise a rigorous mode-sum regularization method to compute the invariants constructed from the regular field

Gauge and motion in perturbation theory

Through second order in perturbative general relativity, a small compact object in an external vacuum spacetime obeys a generalized equivalence principle: although it is accelerated with respect to the external background geometry, it is in free fall with respect to a certain \emph{effective} vacuum geometry. However, this single principle takes very different mathematical forms, with very different behaviors, depending on how one treats perturbed motion. Furthermore, any description of perturbed motion can be altered by a gauge transformation. In this paper, I clarify the relationship between two treatments of perturbed motion and the gauge freedom in each. I first show explicitly how one common treatment, called the Gralla-Wald approximation, can be derived from a second, called the self-consistent approximation. I next present a general treatment of smooth gauge transformations in both approximations, in which I emphasise that the approximations' governing equations can be formulated in an invariant manner. All of these analyses are carried through second perturbative order, but the methods are general enough to go to any order. Furthermore, the tools I develop, and many of the results, should have broad applicability to any description of perturbed motion, including osculating-geodesic and two-timescale descriptions.Comment: 26 pages, 3 figures. Minor corrections. Equations (120) and (126) are more general than in PRD versio

Challenges and Changes in Community-Based Lending for Homeownership

Many community based organizations have been providing mortgage loans in low-to-moderate income and minority communities on a small scale since the 1970s, In the wake of the housing crisis, they faced special challenges. They approached these with emphasis on flexible underwriting, counseling and education, and a variety of other solutions