Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Organic Chemicals in Terrestrial Invertebrates

Terrestrial invertebrates are key components in ecosystems, with crucial roles in soil structure, functioning, and ecosystem services. The present chapter covers how terrestrial invertebrates are impacted by organic chemicals, focusing on up-to-date information regarding bioavailability, exposure routes and general concepts on bioaccumulation, toxicity, and existing models. Terrestrial invertebrates are exposed to organic chemicals through different routes, which are dependent on both the organismal traits and nature of exposure, including chemical properties and media characteristics. Bioaccumulation and toxicity data for several groups of organic chemicals are presented and discussed, attempting to cover plant protection products (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and molluscicides), veterinary and human pharmaceuticals, polycyclic aromatic compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, flame retardants, and personal care products. Chemical mixtures are also discussed bearing in mind that chemicals appear simultaneously in the environment. The biomagnification of organic chemicals is considered in light of the consumption of terrestrial invertebrates as novel feed and food sources. This chapter highlights how science has contributed with data from the last 5 years, providing evidence on bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and toxicity derived from exposure to organic chemicals, including insights into the main challenges and shortcomings to extrapolate results to real exposure scenarios

Associação entre insatisfação com a imagem corporal e indicadores antropométricos em adolescentes

O objetivo foi verificar a associação entre a insatisfação com a imagem corporal, o índice de massa corporal (IMC), a adiposidade corporal e a obesidade abdominal em adolescentes. Participaram 637 adolescentes (11-17 anos) de ambos os sexos. Foram medidos massa corporal, estatura, perímetro do abdômen, dobras cutâneas do tríceps e perna medial e, coletadas informações referentes a imagem corporal. O IMC, a obesidade abdominal e a adiposidade corporal foram usados como referência em relação ao desfecho. A prevalência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal foi de 60% (rapazes = 54,3%, moças = 65,2%; p < 0,05). Os rapazes com IMC baixo e obesidade abdominal apresentaram, respectivamente, 4,31 e 4,93 vezes mais chance de insatisfação corporal. As moças com IMC alto e adiposidade corporal alta apresentaram, respectivamente, 6,81 e 1,95 vezes mais chance de insatisfação corporal. Enquanto nos rapazes o IMC baixo e a obesidade abdominal apresentaram associação com a insatisfação corporal; nas moças o IMC e a adiposidade corporal elevados estiveram associados.The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between body image dissatisfaction, body mass index (BMI), body adiposity and abdominal obesity in adolescents. A total of 637 adolescent boys and girls (11-17 years) participated. Measures of body weight, height, waist circumference, triceps and medial calf skinfold thickness and, body image were collected. BMI, abdominal obesity and body adiposity were used as references in relation to the outcome. The prevalence of body image dissatisfaction was 60% (boys = 54.3%; girls = 65.2%, p < 0.05). Boys with a low BMI and abdominal obesity presented a 4.31 and 4.93 times higher probability of body image dissatisfaction, respectively. In girls, the probability of body dissatisfaction was 6.81 and 1.95 times higher among those with a high BMI and high body adiposity, respectively. Low BMI and abdominal obesity were associated with body image dissatisfaction in boys, whereas in girls an association was observed with high BMI and high body adiposity

Assessing the toxicity of thiamethoxam, in natural LUFA 2.2 soil, through three generations of Folsomia candida

In the field, long-term exposure is a rule rather than an exception. As a consequence, the relatively short-term standard toxicity tests may not be adequate for assessing long-term effects of pesticide exposure. This study determined the toxicity of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam, both pure and in the formulation Actara® (25% active substance), to the springtail Folsomia candida, over three generations (P, F1 and F2). For the parental generation (P), the toxicity of pure thiamethoxam and Actara® did not differ significantly, with LC50s and EC50s of 0.32–0.35 and 0.23–0.25 mg a.s./kg dry soil, respectively. For the F1 and F2 generations, LC50s were >0.37 mg a.s./kg dry soil for both compounds. Actara was more toxic towards reproduction in the F1 generation (EC50 0.16 mg a.s./kg dry soil) than pure thiamethoxam (EC50 0.23 mg a.s./kg dry soil). For generation F2, there was no significant difference in the toxicity of the compounds towards reproduction, with EC50s of >0.37 and 0.30 mg a.s./kg dry soil for Actara® and pure thiamethoxam respectively. These results suggest a slight decrease in the toxicity of the compounds throughout the generations tested. The similarity in the toxicity of pure and formulated thiamethoxam indicates that the ingredients in the formulation Actara® do not enhance toxicity