Coarctation of the aorta and accelerated atherosclerosis: A contemporary review on the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is one of the most common types of congenital heart disease. Unfortunately, there is a high prevalence of hypertension and late cardiovascular mortality in patients with CoA despite successful repair. The growing impact of acquired cardiovascular disease remains a significant concern as the adult congenital heart disease population continues to rapidly expand and age. This review aims to explore (1) the determinants of vascular health and atherosclerosis including endothelial dysfunction and vascular wall abnormalities, (2) the prevalence of atherosclerosis and associated sequelae in repaired CoA including coronary artery disease, coronary artery calcium, aortic calcium, stroke, and peripheral artery disease, and (3) the contributing factors specific to CoA. This review aims to guide optimization of long-term cardiovascular health to ultimately reduce mortality and morbidity in this young high-risk population