Photography-based taxonomy is inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences

The question whether taxonomic descriptions naming new animal species without type specimen(s) deposited in collections should be accepted for publication by scientific journals and allowed by the Code has already been discussed in Zootaxa (Dubois & Nemésio 2007; Donegan 2008, 2009; Nemésio 2009a–b; Dubois 2009; Gentile & Snell 2009; Minelli 2009; Cianferoni & Bartolozzi 2016; Amorim et al. 2016). This question was again raised in a letter supported by 35 signatories published in the journal Nature (Pape et al. 2016) on 15 September 2016. On 25 September 2016, the following rebuttal (strictly limited to 300 words as per the editorial rules of Nature) was submitted to Nature, which on 18 October 2016 refused to publish it. As we think this problem is a very important one for zoological taxonomy, this text is published here exactly as submitted to Nature, followed by the list of the 493 taxonomists and collection-based researchers who signed it in the short time span from 20 September to 6 October 2016

Emerging antimicrobial resistance in early and late-onset neonatal sepsis

Abstract Background Compared to developed countries, the use of antimicrobials in Egypt is less regulated and is available over the counter without the need for prescriptions. The impact of such policy on antimicrobial resistance has not been studied. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of early and late onset sepsis, and the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in a major referral neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods The study included all neonates admitted to the NICU over a 12-month period. Prospectively collected clinical and laboratory data were retrieved, including blood cultures and endotracheal aspirate cultures if performed. Results A total of 953 neonates were admitted, of them 314 neonates were diagnosed with sepsis; 123 with early onset sepsis (EOS) and 191 with late onset sepsis (LOS). A total of 388 blood cultures were obtained, with 166 positive results. Total endotracheal aspirate samples were 127; of them 79 were culture-positive. The most frequently isolated organisms in blood were Klebsiella pneumoniae (42%) and Coagulase negative staphylococcus (19%) whereas in endotracheal cultures were Klebsiella pneumoniae (41%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19%). Gram negative organisms were most resistant to ampicillins (100%), cephalosporins (93%–100%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (99%) with less resistance to aminoglycosides (36%–52%). Gram positive isolates were least resistant to vancomycin (18%). Multidrug resistance was detected in 92 (38%) cultures, mainly among gram negative isolates (78/92). Conclusions Antibiotic resistance constitutes a challenge to the management of neonatal sepsis in Egypt. Resistance was predominant in both early and late onset sepsis. This study supports the need to implement policies that prohibits the non-prescription community use of antibiotics

Sociolinguistique du contact

Objet de recherche récent dans le domaine de la linguistique, la sociolinguistique des langues en contact constitue désormais un champ multidisciplinaire à part entière, ouvert aux aspects sociaux, psychologiques et linguistiques des situations de contact. Trois courants majeurs ont émergé : un courant à dominante structurale / générativiste à ambition universaliste ; un courant à dominante interactionnelle ; enfin, un courant à dominante sociopolitique. Toute tentative s’est jusque-là montrée vaine pour œuvrer à un consensus – ne serait-ce que terminologique – ou a fortiori pour aboutir à une théorie unifiée. C’est pourquoi il nous a semblé que le moment venait d’offrir à un public francophone un état de l’art dans un domaine des sciences du langage qui connaît un foisonnement de travaux, dont certains, jugés majeurs, sont dispersés dans l’espace et dans le temps. Cet ouvrage, qui se présente sous la forme d’un dictionnaire composé de quinze entrées, offre une synthèse inédite de ces travaux. Grâce à un examen approfondi de ces thématiques articulées en un tout cohérent, il constitue un puissant analyseur des mutations sociétales mondiales, celles-ci étant en rapport direct avec les pratiques sociolangagières