Coupling changes in cell shape to chromosome segregation

Animal cells undergo dramatic changes in shape, mechanics and polarity as they progress through the different stages of cell division. These changes begin at mitotic entry, with cell–substrate adhesion remodelling, assembly of a cortical actomyosin network and osmotic swelling, which together enable cells to adopt a near spherical form even when growing in a crowded tissue environment. These shape changes, which probably aid spindle assembly and positioning, are then reversed at mitotic exit to restore the interphase cell morphology. Here, we discuss the dynamics, regulation and function of these processes, and how cell shape changes and sister chromatid segregation are coupled to ensure that the daughter cells generated through division receive their fair inheritance

Endocytic and Recycling Endosomes Modulate Cell Shape Changes and Tissue Behaviour during Morphogenesis in Drosophila

During development tissue deformations are essential for the generation of organs and to provide the final form of an organism. These deformations rely on the coordination of individual cell behaviours which have their origin in the modulation of subcellular activities. Here we explore the role endocytosis and recycling on tissue deformations that occur during dorsal closure of the Drosophila embryo. During this process the AS contracts and the epidermis elongates in a coordinated fashion, leading to the closure of a discontinuity in the dorsal epidermis of the Drosophila embryo. We used dominant negative forms of Rab5 and Rab11 to monitor the impact on tissue morphogenesis of altering endocytosis and recycling at the level of single cells. We found different requirements for endocytosis (Rab5) and recycling (Rab11) in dorsal closure, furthermore we found that the two processes are differentially used in the two tissues. Endocytosis is required in the AS to remove membrane during apical constriction, but is not essential in the epidermis. Recycling is required in the AS at early stages and in the epidermis for cell elongation, suggesting a role in membrane addition during these processes. We propose that the modulation of the balance between endocytosis and recycling can regulate cellular morphology and tissue deformations during morphogenesis

Wnt, Hedgehog and Junctional Armadillo/β-Catenin Establish Planar Polarity in the Drosophila Embryo

To generate specialized structures, cells must obtain positional and directional information. In multi-cellular organisms, cells use the non-canonical Wnt or planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway to establish directionality within a cell. In vertebrates, several Wnt molecules have been proposed as permissible polarity signals, but none has been shown to provide a directional cue. While PCP signaling components are conserved from human to fly, no PCP ligands have been reported in Drosophila. Here we report that in the epidermis of the Drosophila embryo two signaling molecules, Hedgehog (Hh) and Wingless (Wg or Wnt1), provide directional cues that induce the proper orientation of Actin-rich structures in the larval cuticle. We further find that proper polarity in the late embryo also involves the asymmetric distribution and phosphorylation of Armadillo (Arm or β-catenin) at the membrane and that interference with this Arm phosphorylation leads to polarity defects. Our results suggest new roles for Hh and Wg as instructive polarizing cues that help establish directionality within a cell sheet, and a new polarity-signaling role for the membrane fraction of the oncoprotein Arm

Reactive oxygen species in phagocytic leukocytes

Phagocytic leukocytes consume oxygen and generate reactive oxygen species in response to appropriate stimuli. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase, a multiprotein complex, existing in the dissociated state in resting cells becomes assembled into the functional oxidase complex upon stimulation and then generates superoxide anions. Biochemical aspects of the NADPH oxidase are briefly discussed in this review; however, the major focus relates to the contributions of various modes of microscopy to our understanding of the NADPH oxidase and the cell biology of phagocytic leukocytes

A novel correction mechanism regulates nuclear position and ensures proper DNA segregation during late cytokinesis.

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PAR-6 levels are regulated by NOS-3 in a CUL-2 dependent manner in Caenorhabditiselegans

AbstractThe PAR proteins have an essential and conserved function in establishing polarity in many cell types and organisms. However, their key upstream regulators remain to be identified. In C. elegans, regulators of the PAR proteins can be identified by their ability to suppress the lethality of par-2 mutant embryos. Here we show that a nos-3 loss of function mutant suppresses the lethality of par-2 mutants by regulating PAR-6 protein levels. The suppression requires the activity of the sex determination genes fem-1/2/3 and of the cullin cul-2. FEM-1 is a substrate-specific adaptor for a CUL-2-based ubiquitin ligase (CBCFEM-1). Interestingly, we find that CUL-2 is required for the regulation of PAR-6 levels and that PAR-6 physically interacts with FEM-1. Our data strongly suggest that PAR-6 levels are regulated by the CBCFEM-1 ubiquitin ligase thereby uncovering a novel role for the FEM proteins and cullin-dependent degradation in regulating PAR proteins and polarity processes

Cross Talk between IRAK4 and the NADPH Oxidase.

Abstract The ability of human neutrophils to combat bacterial and fungal infections depends on their production of reactive oxygen species. The enzymatic complex NADPH oxidase which is responsible for the generation of superoxide anion, is essential for the microbicidal activity of neutrophils, since patients with chronic granulomatous disease, whose NADPH oxidase is inactive, suffer recurrent infections. The exposure of neutrophils to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) amplifies their oxidative response to formylated-peptides (priming). However, the relationship between the signaling downstream of the toll-like receptor 4 after LPS stimulation and the activation of the oxidase has not been elucidated. The phosphorylation of the NADPH oxidase cytosolic factor p47phox is an essential step during the oxidase activation. Here, we test the hypothesis that Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK4) regulates the NADPH oxidase through phosphorylation of p47phox. We first show that p47phox is a substrate for IRAK4. We showed that IRAK4-phosphorylated p47phox could be subsequently phosphorylated by PKC suggesting that they phosphorylate p47phox at different residues. IRAK4 phosphorylated p47phox to a similar extent as PKC, however, while p47phox was phosphorylated by PKC only in serines, IRAK4 phosphorylated p47phox also in threonines as determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Importantly, IRAK4-phosphorylated p47phox activated the NADPH oxidase in a cell-free system (significantly different from the unphosphorylated control, p&amp;lt;0.05). Furthermore, cophosphorylation of p47phox by IRAK4 and PKC significantly potentiated the activity of the NADPH oxidase when compared to PKC phosphorylation alone (p&amp;lt;0.01). Finally, we identified, by mass spectrometry, the residues in p47phox that are targets for IRAK4 phosphorylation. We found that IRAK4 phosphorylates p47phox at a threonine rich domain which possibly constitutes a novel regulatory domain.</jats:p