El aula virtual: estrategia didáctica en la enseñanza del Derecho Penal General

Caracterizar un Aula Virtual como estrategia didáctica adecuada para la enseñanza del Derecho Penal General, es el resultado de la inevitable inserción de las TIC en la Educación de nuestro tiempo. Más aún cuando dicha materia es una de las que más soportan resistencia entre los estudiantes de Derecho, en razón de sus contenidos mal comprendidos, lo cual genera desmotivación y apatía por ella, viciando así los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje que allí yacen. Es por ello que un Aula Virtual pensada para dinamizar y vigorizar lo anterior, debe configurarse a partir de todo aquello que hace a los discentes Seres Humanos (emociones, sentimientos), los cuales de desenvuelven diariamente en ámbitos donde reina la interacción. Y son justamente estas características las que han de tomarse como principios rectores para el diseño de un entorno virtual dinámico y atractivo, que como estrategia didáctica que explote todos los recursos y posibilidades que le son propios y en su papel de extensión de las cátedras de Penal General, se propone sensibilizar a los jurisconsultos en dicha asignatura, despertando creciente motivación e interés por sus contenidos, lo cual vigoriza el desarrollo de las competencias básicas que ha de ostentar virtuosamente todo Abogado, especialmente en un área de enorme impacto social como lo es Derecho Penal General

An Empirical Study of Cohesion and Coupling: Balancing Optimisation and Disruption

Search based software engineering has been extensively applied to the problem of finding improved modular structures that maximise cohesion and minimise coupling. However, there has, hitherto, been no longitudinal study of developers’ implementations, over a series of sequential releases. Moreover, results validating whether developers respect the fitness functions are scarce, and the potentially disruptive effect of search-based remodularisation is usually overlooked. We present an empirical study of 233 sequential releases of 10 different systems; the largest empirical study reported in the literature so far, and the first longitudinal study. Our results provide evidence that developers do, indeed, respect the fitness functions used to optimise cohesion/coupling (they are statistically significantly better than arbitrary choices with p << 0.01), yet they also leave considerable room for further improvement (cohesion/coupling can be improved by 25% on average). However, we also report that optimising the structure is highly disruptive (on average more than 57% of the structure must change), while our results reveal that developers tend to avoid such disruption. Therefore, we introduce and evaluate a multi-objective evolutionary approach that minimises disruption while maximising cohesion/coupling improvement. This allows developers to balance reticence to disrupt existing modular structure, against their competing need to improve cohesion and coupling. The multi-objective approach is able to find modular structures that improve the cohesion of developers’ implementations by 22.52%, while causing an acceptably low level of disruption (within that already tolerated by developers)

The architecture of predator-prey and the relationship between complexity and stability

Theoretical studies predict that the stability of an ecosystem is negatively correlated with its complexity, measured by the number of interacting species. On the other hand, empirical evidence indicates that food webs are highly interconnected. In this manuscript we present results on the stability two-level predator-prey food webs. We analyzed exhaustively all possible topologies of connections among species. Our findings show that those food webs fall into two classes with clearly distinct stability properties. In one of them stability is negatively correlated with complexity, and in the other group stability is positively correlated. For a positive relationship our results reveals highly structured food webs. The positive or negative relationship is related only to the topological structure of the food web. It is independent of the number of connections, strengths of predator-prey interactions or number of species. We review empirical evidence that corroborates our results

Driver scheduling problem modelling

The Drivers Scheduling Problem (DSP) consists of selecting a set of duties for vehicle drivers, for example buses, trains, plane or boat drivers or pilots, for the transportation of passengers or goods. This is a complex problem because it involves several constraints related to labour and company rules and can also present different evaluation criteria and objectives. Being able to develop an adequate model for this problem that can represent the real problem as close as possible is an important research area.The main objective of this research work is to present new mathematical models to the DSP problem that represent all the complexity of the drivers scheduling problem, and also demonstrate that the solutions of these models can be easily implemented in real situations. This issue has been recognized by several authors and as important problem in Public Transportation. The most well-known and general formulation for the DSP is a Set Partition/Set Covering Model (SPP/SCP). However, to a large extend these models simplify some of the specific business aspects and issues of real problems. This makes it difficult to use these models as automatic planning systems because the schedules obtained must be modified manually to be implemented in real situations. Based on extensive passenger transportation experience in bus companies in Portugal, we propose new alternative models to formulate the DSP problem. These models are also based on Set Partitioning/Covering Models; however, they take into account the bus operator issues and the perspective opinions and environment of the user.We follow the steps of the Operations Research Methodology which consist of: Identify the Problem; Understand the System; Formulate a Mathematical Model; Verify the Model; Select the Best Alternative; Present the Results of the Analysis and Implement and Evaluate. All the processes are done with close participation and involvement of the final users from different transportation companies. The planner‘s opinion and main criticisms are used to improve the proposed model in a continuous enrichment process. The final objective is to have a model that can be incorporated into an information system to be used as an automatic tool to produce driver schedules. Therefore, the criteria for evaluating the models is the capacity to generate real and useful schedules that can be implemented without many manual adjustments or modifications. We have considered the following as measures of the quality of the model: simplicity, solution quality and applicability. We tested the alternative models with a set of real data obtained from several different transportation companies and analyzed the optimal schedules obtained with respect to the applicability of the solution to the real situation. To do this, the schedules were analyzed by the planners to determine their quality and applicability. The main result of this work is the proposition of new mathematical models for the DSP that better represent the realities of the passenger transportation operators and lead to better schedules that can be implemented directly in real situations.Drivers Scheduling Problem, Duties, Modelling

La enseñanza de las ciencias y la formación de profesores de enseñanza primaria para la reforma curricular : de la teoría a la práctica

This papers presents a qualitative study aiming to investigate how new Portuguese curriculum proposals from primary school (the intentional curriculum) are translated in the teaching of science of four prospective teachers (the operational curriculum). The research adopted a case study methodology in order to describe main features of the pedagogical profile of classroom practices of those teachers. Three different profiles were identified. Some interpretative aspects are outlined and important implications for pre-service education are put forward

Contributos para a integraçao da história da matemática na formaçao inicial de professores

Este artigo insere-se num estudo desenvolvido no âmbito da formação inicial de professores da escolaridade básica (educação primária) com foco na resolução e exploração didáctica de problemas que ilustram usos da matemática em situação diversificadas do quotidiano social passado (problemas históricos). Os resultados permitem-nos sustentar a relevância didáctica destes problemas e identificar algumas dificuldades à sua integração na aula de matemática. É esta discussão que aqui pretendemos fazer

Back to the edge: relative coordinate system for use-wear analysis

Use-wear studies rely heavily on experiments and reference collections to infer the function of archeological artifacts. Sequential experiments, in particular, are necessary to understand how use-wear develops. Consequently, it is crucial to analyze the same location on the tool's surface during the course of an experiment. Being able to relocate the area of interest on a sample is also essential for reproducibility in use-wear studies. However, visual relocation has limited applicability and there is currently no easy and efficient alternative. Here we propose a simple protocol to create a coordinate system directly on the sample. Three ceramic beads that serve as reference markers are adhered onto the sample, either with epoxy resin or acrylic polymer. The former is easier to work with but the latter is reversible so it can be applied to archeological samples too. The microscope's software then relocates the position(s) of interest. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and measure its repeatability by imaging the same position on an experimental flint blade 10 times with two confocal microscopes. Our results show that the position can be relocated automatically with a horizontal positional repeatability of approximately 14% of the field of view. Quantitative surface texture measurements according to ISO 25178 vary due to this positional inaccuracy, but it is still unknown whether this variation would mask functional differences. Although still perfectible, we argue that this protocol represents an important step toward repeatability and reproducibility in experimental archeology, especially in use-wear studies.Funding Agency Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum - Leibniz Research Institute for Archeology by German Federal and Rhineland Palatinate funding (Sondertatbestand "Spurenlabor")info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio