Ocena Odziaływania na Zdrowie jako niezbędny element prawa ochrony środowiska w krajowym porządku prawnym. Rozważania na gruncie prawa międzynarodowego

The purpose of this paper was to prove that the standards for environmental friendliness set out by international law require the states to carry out Health Impact Assessment (HIA) before implementation of public or private investments having a potential human health impact even if national legal systems do not require it. The analysis of both soft international law and treaty law, as well as the case-law of international courts and tribunals show that Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the international law ius cogens. At the same time the human right to information and protection of life and health are regarded as fundamental human rights. According to the authors it means that carrying out proper Environmental Impact Assessment without Health Impact Assessment is not possible. It would be contrary to the human right to information and the obligation of the authorities to provide citizens with active transparency mentioned by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and with the principle of fair balance developed in the case-law of the similar European Court together with the objective on sustainable development adopted in Agenda 2030. According to the authors Health Impact Assessment is an immanent and integral part of environmental impact and the possible absence of provisions in the national law requiring investors to carry out HIA where EIA is necessary, does not justify the failure to assess.Celem niniejszej publikacji było wykazanie, że wyznaczone przez prawo międzynarodowe standardy ochrony środowiska wymagają od państw przeprowadzania oceny oddziaływania na zdrowie przed realizacją inwestycji publicznej lub prywatnej, która mogłaby potencjalnie oddziaływać na zdrowie nawet wówczas gdy nie wymagają tego krajowe porządki prawne. Analiza zarówno miękkiego prawa międzynarodowego, jaki i prawa traktatowego oraz orzecznictwa międzynarodowych sądów i trybunałów wskazuje, że ocena oddziaływania na środowisko jest międzynarodowym prawem ius cogens. Równocześnie prawo człowieka do informacji oraz ochrony życia i zdrowia uznawane są za fundamentalne prawa człowieka. Oznacza to w ocenie autorów, że przeprowadzenie prawidłowej oceny oddziaływania na środowisko z pominięciem kwestii odziaływania na zdrowie człowieka nie jest możliwe. Byłoby sprzeczne z prawem człowieka do informacji, oraz z obowiązkiem rządów zapewnienia obywatelom aktywnej przejrzystości, o której wspomina Międzyamerykański Trybunał Praw Człowieka, czy z zasadą fair balance wypracowaną w orzecznictwie adekwatnego Trybunału w Europie oraz z celami zrównoważonego rozwoju przyjętymi w Agendzie 2030. Zdaniem autorów ocena oddziaływania na zdrowie jest immanentną i integralną częścią oceny oddziaływania na środowisko, zaś ewentualny brak w prawie krajowym przepisów nakładających na inwestora obowiązku przeprowadzenie oceny oddziaływania na zdrowie, tam gdzie istnieje konieczność przeprowadzenia oceny oddziaływania na środowisko nie uzasadnia zaniechania przeprowadzenia tej oceny

Świat stworzony w literaturze wczesnochrześcijańskiej (Sekcja Patrystyczna, Tarnów, 17-20.09.2023)

Sprawozdanie ze spotkania Sekcji Patrystycznej zatytułowanego "Świat stworzony w literaturze wczesnochrześcijańskiej", które odbyło się w Tarnowie w dniach 17-20.09.2023

Design of superheated steam dryers

Red. serii : Wodziński, PiotrPraca ta powstała w wyniku rozpoczętych przeze mnie w 2000 r. badan nad suszeniem para przegrzana zainicjowanych przez współprace z firma ITM Poland z Radomia. W wyniku tej inspiracji oraz owocnej współpracy zrealizowano m.in. projekt badawczy finansowany przez KBN na temat suszenia drewna wierzby energetycznej pod ciśnieniem atmosferycznym. Obecnie w realizacji jest drugi, dotyczący suszenia węgla brunatnego pod zwiększonym ciśnieniem. W toku tych badan powstał szereg prac magisterskich oraz dwie prace doktorskie. W pierwszej z nich dr Beata Krupińska zbadała własności sorpcyjne, kinetykę suszenia i współczynnik oporu aerodynamicznego cząstek drewna wierzby energetycznej nowo opracowana metoda stanu nieustalonego oraz wykonała obliczenia suszarki pneumatycznej do suszenia para mielonych zrębków wierzby i przeprowadziła badania w pilotowej suszarce, udostępnionej przez ITM, weryfikujące te obliczenia. W drugiej pracy dr Robert Adamski przebadał proces suszenia próbki o kształcie walca z drewna wierzby energetycznej, zbudował model procesu transportu masy i ciepła w materiale i zidentyfikował współczynniki materiałowe, w tym dyfuzyjność efektywna, przepuszczalność Darcy i współczynnik termodyfuzji. Udało mu się powiązać otrzymana przepuszczalność Darcy ze strukturalnymi parametrami drewna otrzymanymi z pomiarów mikroskopowych. Pozwala to na modelowanie procesu suszenia drewna w dowolnej skali. Podstawowe stanowisko do badania procesu suszenia para wykorzystane w obu pracach jest darem firmy ITM Poland dla Wydziału Inżynierii Procesowej i Ochrony Środowiska PŁ. Obecnie dwoje młodych doktorantów pracuje nad procesem suszenia lignitu pod normalnym i zwiększonym ciśnieniem, korzystając ze zdobytego przez nasz zespół doświadczenia i aparatury.Superheated steam drying (SSD) is known for almost 140 years but still not as popular as it deserves. SSD uses superheated steam as the drying agent. During contact with wet solid it picks up moisture and cools down but still remains superheated. The excess steam may be purged, the rest is reheated and recycled. The advent of SSD, on the wave of interest in sustained development, is largely due to the following facts: • Excess steam can be re-used and it’s heat recovered thus the net heat used for vaporization of 1 kg of water may be reduced down to almost ¼ of its nominal value. • The cycle is closed so no pollutants, neither odors are emitted, • No oxidation nor fire hazard exist inside the dryer because of oxygenfree atmosphere. • Since product temperature reaches boiling point thus the product leaves the dryer sterilized so it is harmless for humans and ready for storage. The last point indicates that only temperature resistant solids can be dried in this way. However, the problem can be overcome by lowering the pressure in the dryer. The list of products suitable for SSD is endless. The most common are: pulp and paper, lignite and peat, solid biofuels, agro and food industry products and waste, raw mineral materials and many others. This book presents methods of process design of selected dryers using superheated steam. It is a summary of research on various aspects of SSD, which has been carried out at Lodz TU on such materials as tobacco, wood chips of willow and now lignite. In the initial chapter it contains the description of the process including its three stages: condensation, constant drying rate and falling drying rate. The constitutive equations for the drying rate in the tree periods are defined. The problems of inversion temperature, dependence of maximum drying rate on process pressure, depth of steam penetration in granular beds and model of internal heat and mass transfer in the solid during SSD are described. The model includes diffusion, Darcy flow and thermodiffusion terms. A collection of equations to approximate the diffusivity is presented. In the next chapter thermodynamic properties of superheated steam and thermodynamic equilibrium of steam and solid are presented. Isotherms and isobars of desorption are described and a collection of equations used to describe them is presented. Ways to describe drying kinetics are shown including thin layer equations, characteristic drying curve equations and solution of a full model of the internal heat and mass transfer

Tunnel dryer and pneumatic dryer performance evaluation to improve small-scale cassava processing in Tanzania

In sub-Saharan Africa, cassava is grown by smallholder farmers and is the principal source of calories for the local population. However, the short shelf life of cassava associated with poor infrastructure in the region results in significant postharvest losses. The expansion of small-scale cassava processing could reduce these losses, but the availability of drying equipment suitable for use in such operations is limited. The objective of this research was to contribute to the development of cassava dryers suitable for use by smallholder farmers. A tunnel dryer and a pneumatic dryer being operated in Tanzania were evaluated using mass and energy balance analysis. It was found that the energy efficiency of the tunnel dryer was 29% and of the pneumatic dryer 46%. For the tunnel dryer, most of the heat losses were through unsaturated exhaust air, while for the pneumatic dryer, most losses were through radiation and convection. Practical Applications: In this study, a tunnel dryer and a pneumatic dryer suitable for use by smallholder farmers were evaluated during processing centers' usual cassava drying operations. The sources and extent of heat losses were identified, and then guidelines developed on how to reduce such losses. For both dryer types, improvements to the thermal insulation used could reduce heat losses to the ambient. For the tunnel dryer, decreasing the air mass flow rate by 57% would help to minimize exhaust heat losses without producing condensation inside the unit. For the pneumatic dryer, air mass flow rate could be reduced by 9%, improving energy performance without having a negative impact on the pneumatic conveying of the product. Those two modifications would be easy to implement and represent a significant contribution to the development of small-scale cassava drying technology

The investigation of internal pressure development in convective drying of shrinking and non-shrinking materials using green and fired clay as an example

[EN] The aim of present research was to measure and analyze the dynamic changes of internal pressure in shrinking vs. non-shrinking materials during convective drying for the use as a possible process control method. Drying experiments were carried out on wet and fired clay at 50°C and 60°C. In addition, the shrinkage curve was investigated. Experimental measurements show the existence of 4 stages of the process. The comparison of the results for wet and fired clay shows differences in pressure trends. During drying the internal pressure changes from underpressure to overpressure at the level of 3÷5kPa, what correlates well with transition from the first to the second drying period.Adamska, A.; Pakowski, Z.; Adamski, R. (2018). The investigation of internal pressure development in convective drying of shrinking and non-shrinking materials using green and fired clay as an example. En IDS 2018. 21st International Drying Symposium Proceedings. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 115-122. https://doi.org/10.4995/IDS2018.2018.7470OCS11512

Identification of moisture transport mechanism in gypsum during convective drying

[EN] Gypsum is a popular building material. Drying and rewetting of gypsum is a process of practical importance. This work presents the experimental results of kinetic of drying, heating and internal pressure development in rewetted gypsum cylinders. Analysis of the observed changes is presented. Additionally sorption isotherms, permeability and dependence of Young’s modulus on moisture content were measured. These data will be used in the model of the process under development.Adamski, R.; Adamska, A.; Pakowski, Z. (2018). Identification of moisture transport mechanism in gypsum during convective drying. En IDS 2018. 21st International Drying Symposium Proceedings. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 379-386. https://doi.org/10.4995/IDS2018.2018.7527OCS37938

Building momentum through networks: Bioimaging across the Americas

2023 Journal Impact Factor (Clarivate): 1.5Fil: De Niz, Mariana. Northwestern University. Feinberg School of Medicine. Center for Advanced Microscopy and Nikon Imaging Center, Illinois; USA.Fil: Escobedo García, Rodrigo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Biotecnología. Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Morelos; México.Fil: Terán Ramirez, Celina. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Biotecnología. Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Morelos; México.Fil: Pakowski, Ysa. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Morgridge Institute for Research; USA.Fil: Abonza, Yuriney. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Biotecnología. Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Morelos; México.Fil: Chiabrando, Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra; Argentina.Fil: Chiabrando, Gustavo. Centro de Investigación en Medicina Translacional Dr Severo Amuchástegui, Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Chiabrando, Gustavo. Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba, Córdoba; Argentina.In September 2023, the two largest bioimaging networks in the Americas, Latin America Bioimaging (LABI) and BioImaging North America (BINA), came together during a 1-week meeting in Mexico. This meeting provided opportunities for participants to interact closely with decision-makers from imaging core facilities across the Americas. The meeting was held in a hybrid format and attended in-person by imaging scientists from across the Americas, including Canada, the United States, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay. The aims of the meeting were to discuss progress achieved over the past year, to foster networking and collaborative efforts among members of both communities, to bring together key members of the international imaging community to promote the exchange of experience and expertise, to engage with industry partners, and to establish future directions within each individual network, as well as common goals. This meeting report summarises the discussions exchanged, the achievements shared, and the goals set during the LABIxBINA2023: Bioimaging across the Americas meeting.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionFil: De Niz, Mariana. Northwestern University. Feinberg School of Medicine. Center for Advanced Microscopy and Nikon Imaging Center, Illinois; USA.Fil: Escobedo García, Rodrigo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Biotecnología. Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Morelos; México.Fil: Terán Ramirez, Celina. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Biotecnología. Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Morelos; México.Fil: Pakowski, Ysa. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Morgridge Institute for Research; USA.Fil: Abonza, Yuriney. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Biotecnología. Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Morelos; México.Fil: Chiabrando, Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martin Ferreyra; Argentina.Fil: Chiabrando, Gustavo. Centro de Investigación en Medicina Translacional Dr Severo Amuchástegui, Córdoba; Argentina.Fil: Chiabrando, Gustavo. Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba, Córdoba; Argentina

Revisión de modelos matemáticos para describir el salado de alimentos

[EN] Salting and subsequent curing are part of the traditional processing method used in the meat and fish industry. Different preserving agents (sodium chloride, nitrite, nitrate, among others) are added in this process. Nowadays, more attention is paid to the amount of salts added and the salting time employed. For this reason, it is important to know the factors governing salt penetration and the most convenient process conditions. The transfer mechanism of the salts through the structure is an interesting aspect in meat and fish processing technology. Mathematical models are the best way to discover the factors, which govern this process, which may represent and explain the observed data and predict the behaviour under different conditions. The objective of this review is to describe the use of the mathematical models to simulate meat and fish salting and the benefits derived from their use. Most of the models used to describe the salting process are diffusional, based on Fick s second law, although empirical ones are also used. For modelling purposes a good description of the experimental results should be guaranteed. The complexity of the model will depend on the objective to be reached and will be analysed in each case.[ES] El salado y posterior curado forman parte del procesado tradicional de conservación de carne y pescado. En él se añaden diferentes conservantes (cloruro sódico, nitritos, nitratos, entre otros). En la actualidad se está aumentando el control sobre la cantidad de sales añadidas y el tiempo de salado. Por ello es importante conocer los factores que controlan la penetración de sal y las condiciones de proceso más adecuadas. Los mecanismos de transferencia de las sales en el sólido son aspectos muy interesantes a considerar en las industrias de procesado de carne y pescado. Los modelos matemáticos son la mejor manera de conocer los factores controlantes en estos procesos. Éstos representan y explican los datos observados y predicen el comportamiento bajo diferentes condiciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el uso de modelos matemáticos para similar el salado de carne y pescado y los beneficios derivados de su uso. La mayoría de los modelos utilizados para describir el proceso de salado son difusionales, basados en la segunda ley de Fick, aunque también son utilizados los modelos empíricos. Para propósitos de modelización debe ser garantizada una buena descripción de los resultados experimentales. La complejidad del modelo dependerá del objetivo a alcanzar será analizado en cada casoThe authors of this paper acknowledge the financial support from CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010 (CSD2007-00016), Spain.Gómez Salazar, JA.; Clemente Polo, G.; Sanjuán Pellicer, MN. (2015). Review of mathematical models to describe the food salting process. DYNA. 82(190):23-30. https://doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v82n190.42016S23308219

Building momentum through networks: Bioimaging across the Americas

In September 2023, the two largest bioimaging networks in the Americas, Latin America Bioimaging (LABI) and BioImaging North America (BINA), came together during a 1-week meeting in Mexico. This meeting provided opportunities for participants to interact closely with decision-makers from imaging core facilities across the Americas. The meeting was held in a hybrid format and attended in-person by imaging scientists from across the Americas, including Canada, the United States, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Brazil and Uruguay. The aims of the meeting were to discuss progress achieved over the past year, to foster networking and collaborative efforts among members of both communities, to bring together key members of the international imaging community to promote the exchange of experience and expertise, to engage with industry partners, and to establish future directions within each individual network, as well as common goals. This meeting report summarises the discussions exchanged, the achievements shared, and the goals set during the LABIxBINA2023: Bioimaging across the Americas meeting