Aszimmetriák az Európai Unión belül (Assimetries within the European Union)

A centrum-periféria kapcsolatok elemzése az Európai Unióra is kiterjeszthető. Az integrációs folyamatban jól elemezhetőek a bourdeiu-i tőkeformák, ezek egymásra történő átváltása, a gazdasági és politikai aszimmetriák kölcsönhatása. E kölcsönös kapcsolatokban továbbra is a gazdasági viszonyok meghatározottsága érvényesül. A világgazdasági válság felszínre hozta a történelmi aszimmetriákat, amelyeket a korábbi neoliberális politikák tovább mélyítettek. Az Unión belüli periferális térségekre a válság különbözőképpen hatott. E hatások semlegesítésére többnyire a megszorító gazdaságpolitikákat alkalmazzák. Továbbra is hiányzik azonban egy, a minőségi s nem mennyiségi szempontokat hangsúlyozó fejlesztési politika. Egy ilyen megközelítés a strukturális, intézményi vonatkozásokat erősítené, s ezzel járulna hozzá a periféria termelési, forgalmi, elosztási képességeinek fokozásához. _____ Analysis of centre-periphery relations can be extended to the European Union as well. The capital forms by Bourdieu, their inter-changeability, mutual effects of economic and political asymmetries could be analysed well in the integration process. In these mutual relations economic relations still play the dominant role. The global economic crisis has brought to the surface historical asymmetries, further aggravated by earlier neo-liberal economic policies. Peripheral regions within the Union have been affected in different ways. In order to neutralise these effects austerity measure have been implemented. However, a development policy, emphasising quality and not only quantitative aspects, is still missing. Such an approach would strengthen structural and institutional elements, further enhancing production, trade, and distribution capabilities of the periphery

Többéves pénzügyi keret vitája középről és a sor végéről – Magyarország és Lettország harcban a mezőgazdasági és kohéziós támogatásokért (Debate on the eu multiannual financial framework from the view of Hungary and Latvia)

Az Európai Bizottság 2011. júniusban nyilvánosságra hozott, a következő hétéves időszakot meghatározó pénzügyi keretéről szóló javaslatával elindult a tagállamok, illetve az intézmények közötti szakmai és politikai érvelés, az alkudozások sora. A két legfontosabb költségvetési tétel, a mezőgazdasági támogatások és a kohéziós források előnyös allokációja Magyarország és Lettország számára is kiemelt prioritás. A tárgyalások során Lettország érdeke az alacsony közvetlen mezőgazdasági támogatások emelése, míg Magyarország kedvező pozíciójának megtartásáért harcol. A kohéziós politikára tett Bizottsági javaslat mindkét ország számára hátrányos, így közös érdek a források összegének szinten tartása és a kedvezőtlen támogatási felső határ emelése. ______ Following the European Commission’s proposal on the next Multiannual Financial Framework was published in June 2011, tense debate started to defend national priorities. The proper allocation of the agricultural and cohesion founds is essential for both, Hungary and Latvia as well. Latvia’s objectives is to introduce fair direct payments to farmers, stipulating that the lowest payments must constitute at least 80 per cent of the average amount of the EU direct payments, while Hungary tries to defend its relatively favourable position by receiving almost the amount of the EU average. Common interest for Hungary and for Latvia in the EU budget talks is to retain cohesion financing at least at the current level and to change the unfavourable proposal on capping

Kepentingan Amerika Serikat dalam Mempertahankan Perdagangan Produk Apple Inc di Korea Selatan

This research explain about interest United State comerce product ofApple Inc at South Korean. Which South Korean have a product of smarthphonehas been to being the world. But, half of South Koreans people more to useproduct of Apple Inc. At market, Apple Inc have more importent relation withUnited State. Other that relation, United State also have interest at South Koreanin econmic and politic. One of strategy United State to relaize the interest atSouth Korean are with defend comerce product of Apple Inc at South Korean.This research use kualitatif analisis, use the theory competitive adventage fromMichaele E. Potter. This research also use national interest concep and levelanalysis nation state. The writer used data which was collected from books,journal, thesis, and website to analysis the research. Finding, this research isdecicion of goverment United State by take outside right veto as to purpose for fillinterest economic and politic United State. Interest economic is get contributionto country and interest politik is attaiment purpose to get more power of alliancemilitary with South Korean.Key words: Interest, Apple Inc, Economic Politic, Superiority Competitiv

A táplálékfelvétel központi idegrendszeri szabályozásában részt vevő neuropeptidek, kannabinoidok, valamint receptoraik szerepének immunhisztokémiai vizsgálata = Immunohistochemical studies on the functional role of neuropeptides and their receptors in the central regulation of food intake

1) Megfigyelések a nyúltvelő dorsomedialis területén lévő idegsejtek szerepére a táplálékfelvétel során. Igazolást nyert, hogy a) az éhezés priméren nem befolyásolja az ittlevő sejtek aktivitását (c-fos expresszióját), b) az éhezést követő táplálékfelvétel során a jóllakottság erős inger a nucleus tractus solitarii és az area postrema idegsejtjei számára, c) a jóllakottság-indukált sejtaktivitást a nervus vagus átvágása nem befolyásolta, a régió humorális inputjának gátlása viszont jelentősen csökkentette. 2) Megfigyelések a hypothalamus területén. Igazolást nyert, hogy a hypothalamus egy jól körülírt sejtcsoportja, a nucleus dorsomedialis ventralis szubdivíziójának idegsejtjei nagyon érzékenyen reagálnak az éhezést követő jóllakottságra. Műtéttel és pályajelölési módszerrel igazoltuk, hogy e magcsoport a nucleus tractus solitarii-ból eredő pályán szállított szignálra reagál: a pálya féloldali átvágása után az azonos oldali dorsomediális sejtekben a jóllakottság nem indukál sejtaktivitást. 3) Kettős fény- és eletronmikroszkópos immunhisztológiai festéssel igazoltuk, hogy az alsó agytörzs noradrenalin és adrenalin neuronjai a hypothalamus táplálékfelvételt serkentő orexint termelő neuronjait közvetlenül beidegzik. Egy neurális visszajelzés (adrenalin feedback orexin sejteken) igazolható volt. 4) Lokalizáltuk a limbikus agykéreg neuronjait, melyek érzékenyen reagálnak a jóllakottságra. Kapcsolatuk kimutatható volt a nucleus accumbens-szel, az agy "reward" központjával. | 1) New observations about the role of dorsomedial medullary neurons in the regulation of food intake. It has been proved that a) fasting may have little or no direct effect on the activity of these neurons based on negative c-fos data, b) 2 h refeeding after fasting constitutes a very strong signal for neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the area postrema, c) refeeding-induced signal did not influence by vagotomy, but it reduced significantly by a blockage of humoral (vascular) signals to these neurons. 2) New observations in the hypothalamus. We could localized a very distinct cell group in the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus (DN) that responded selectively to refeeding. By using tract-tracing techniques and specific neurosurgery, we demonstrated that satiety signals from the NTS ascend in special pathway to the DN: unilateral transection of this pathway resulted in an ipsilateral disappearance of solitary fibers and terminals in the DN where cells in the ipsilateral side did not respond to refeeding. 3) Innervations of medullary noradrenaline and adrenaline neurons by hypothalamic orexin-expressing neurons have been demonstrated by double light- and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry. An adrenergic feedback to orexin-expressing cells has also been demonstrated. 4) Cells responded to refeeding have been localized in the infralimbic and prelimbic cortex that project to the accumbens nucleus that represents the brain "reward" center

Neuronal Activation in the Central Nervous System of Rats in the Initial Stage of Chronic Kidney Disease-Modulatory Effects of Losartan and Moxonidine.

The effect of mild chronic renal failure (CRF) induced by 4/6-nephrectomy (4/6NX) on central neuronal activations was investigated by c-Fos immunohistochemistry staining and compared to sham-operated rats. In the 4/6 NX rats also the effect of the angiotensin receptor blocker, losartan, and the central sympatholyticum moxonidine was studied for two months. In serial brain sections Fos-immunoreactive neurons were localized and classified semiquantitatively. In 37 brain areas/nuclei several neurons with different functional properties were strongly affected in 4/6NX. It elicited a moderate to high Fos-activity in areas responsible for the monoaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex, the limbic system, the thalamus and hypothalamus (e.g. noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus, serotonergic neurons in dorsal raphe, histaminergic neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus). Other monoaminergic cell groups (A5 noradrenaline, C1 adrenaline, medullary raphe serotonin neurons) and neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (innervating the sympathetic preganglionic neurons and affecting the peripheral sympathetic outflow) did not show Fos-activity. Stress- and pain-sensitive cortical/subcortical areas, neurons in the limbic system, the hypothalamus and the circumventricular organs were also affected by 4/6NX. Administration of losartan and more strongly moxonidine modulated most effects and particularly inhibited Fos-activity in locus coeruleus neurons. In conclusion, 4/6NX elicits high activity in central sympathetic, stress- and pain-related brain areas as well as in the limbic system, which can be ameliorated by losartan and particularly by moxonidine. These changes indicate a high sensitivity of CNS in initial stages of CKD which could be causative in clinical disturbances

Hemicellulose hydrolysis catalysed by solid acids

Depolymerising hemicellulose into platform sugar molecules is a key step in developing the concept of an integrated biorefinery. This reaction is traditionally catalysed by either enzymes or homogeneous mineral acids. We compared various solid catalysts for hemicellulose hydrolysis, running reactions in water, under neutral pH and relatively mild temperature and pressure (120 °C and 10 bar) conditions. Sulphonated resins are highly active, but they leach out sulphonic groups. Sulphonated silicas are less active, but more stable. They have weakly and strongly bound sites and the strongly bound ones do not leach. Zeolites are moderately active and stable. Among them, H-ferrierite especially, despite its small pores, exhibited high activity as well as good recyclability

Thalamic neuropeptide mediating the effects of nursing on lactation and maternal motivation

Nursing has important physiological and psychological consequences on mothers during the postpartum period. Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) may contribute to its effects on prolactin release and maternal motivation. Since TIP39-containing fibers and the receptor for TIP39, the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2 receptor) are abundant in the arcuate nucleus and the medial preoptic area, we antagonized TIP39 action locally to reveal its actions. Mediobasal hypothalamic injection of a virus encoding an antagonist of the PTH2 receptor markedly decreased basal serum prolactin levels and the suckling-induced prolactin release. In contrast, injecting this virus into the preoptic area had no effect on prolactin levels, but did dampen maternal motivation, judged by reduced time in a pup-associated cage during a place preference test. In support of an effect of TIP39 on maternal motivation, we observed that TIP39 containing fibers and terminals had the same distribution within the preoptic area as neurons expressing Fos in response to suckling. Furthermore, TIP39 terminals closely apposed the plasma membrane of 82% of Fos-ir neurons. Retrograde tracer injected into the arcuate nucleus and the medial preoptic area labeled TIP39 neurons in the posterior intralaminar complex of the thalamus (PIL), indicating that these cells but not other groups of TIP39 neurons project to these hypothalamic regions. We also found that TIP39 mRNA levels in the PIL markedly increased around parturition and remained elevated throughout the lactation period, demonstrating the availability of the peptide in postpartum mothers. Furthermore, suckling, but not pup exposure without physical contact, increased Fos expression by PIL TIP39 neurons. These results indicate that suckling activates TIP39 neurons in the PIL that affect prolactin release and maternal motivation via projections to the arcuate nucleus and the preoptic area, respectively

Critical role of somatostatin receptor 2 in the vulnerability of the central noradrenergic system: new aspects on Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease and other age-related neurodegenerative disorders are associated with deterioration of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), a probable trigger for mood and memory dysfunction. LC noradrenergic neurons exhibit particularly high levels of somatostatin binding sites. This is noteworthy since cortical and hypothalamic somatostatin content is reduced in neurodegenerative pathologies. Yet a possible role of a somatostatin signal deficit in the maintenance of noradrenergic projections remains unknown. Here, we deployed tissue microarrays, immunohistochemistry, quantitative morphometry and mRNA profiling in a cohort of Alzheimer's and age-matched control brains in combination with genetic models of somatostatin receptor deficiency to establish causality between defunct somatostatin signalling and noradrenergic neurodegeneration. In Alzheimer's disease, we found significantly reduced somatostatin protein expression in the temporal cortex, with aberrant clustering and bulging of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive afferents. As such, somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) mRNA was highly expressed in the human LC, with its levels significantly decreasing from Braak stages III/IV and onwards, i.e., a process preceding advanced Alzheimer's pathology. The loss of SSTR2 transcripts in the LC neurons appeared selective, since tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, galanin or galanin receptor 3 mRNAs remained unchanged. We modeled these pathogenic changes in Sstr2 -/- mice and, unlike in Sstr1 -/- or Sstr4 -/- genotypes, they showed selective, global and progressive degeneration of their central noradrenergic projections. However, neuronal perikarya in the LC were found intact until late adulthood (<8 months) in Sstr2 -/- mice. In contrast, the noradrenergic neurons in the superior cervical ganglion lacked SSTR2 and, as expected, the sympathetic innervation of the head region did not show any signs of degeneration. Our results indicate that SSTR2-mediated signaling is integral to the maintenance of central noradrenergic projections at the system level, and that early loss of somatostatin receptor 2 function may be associated with the selective vulnerability of the noradrenergic system in Alzheimer's disease

Exclusive neuronal expression of SUCLA2 in the human brain

SUCLA2 encodes the ATP-forming subunit (A-SUCL-) of succinyl-CoA ligase, an enzyme of the citric acid cycle. Mutations in SUCLA2 lead to a mitochondrial disorder manifesting as encephalomyopathy with dystonia, deafness and lesions in the basal ganglia. Despite the distinct brain pathology associated with SUCLA2 mutations, the precise localization of SUCLA2 protein has never been investigated. Here we show that immunoreactivity of A-SUCL- in surgical human cortical tissue samples was present exclusively in neurons, identified by their morphology and visualized by double labeling with a fluorescent Nissl dye. A-SUCL- immunoreactivity co-localized >99% with that of the d subunit of the mitochondrial F0-F1 ATP synthase. Specificity of the anti-A-SUCL- antiserum was verified by the absence of labeling in fibroblasts from a patient with a complete deletion of SUCLA2. A-SUCL- immunoreactivity was absent in glial cells, identified by antibodies directed against the glial markers GFAP and S100. Furthermore, in situ hybridization histochemistry demonstrated that SUCLA2 mRNA was present in Nissl-labeled neurons but not glial cells labeled with S100. Immunoreactivity of the GTP-forming subunit (G-SUCL-) encoded by SUCLG2, or in situ hybridization histochemistry for SUCLG2 mRNA could not be demonstrated in either neurons or astrocytes. Western blotting of post mortem brain samples revealed minor G-SUCL- immunoreactivity that was however, not upregulated in samples obtained from diabetic versus non-diabetic patients, as has been described for murine brain. Our work establishes that SUCLA2 is expressed exclusively in neurons in the human cerebral cortex